Which of the following is NOT evidence supporting the view that humans are strongly motivated by a need to belong?

a. Students who rated themselves as “very happy” also tended to have satisfying close relationships.

b. Social exclusion — such as exile or solitary confinement — is considered a severe form of punishment.

c. As adults, adopted children tend to resemble their biological parents.

d. Children who are extremely neglected become withdrawn, frightened, and sometimes even speechless.