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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

10 The four primary types of drugs used to treat psychological disorders are:a. antipsychotic, antianxiety, antidepressant, and antidissociative.b. anticognitive, antianxiety, mood-stabilizing, and
_____ is maintaining the privacy of client information and an essential ethical responsibility of a psychotherapist.
_____ is a therapist’s ability to work sensitively and expertly with clients from diverse backgrounds.a. Operant conditioningb. Token economyc. Cultural competenced. Counterconditioning
_____ are elements found in all forms of effective psychotherapy that play an important role in client improvement.
There are various types of cognitive distortions, including:a. all-or-nothing thinking, mental filtering, and operant conditioning.b. personalization, overgeneralization, and unconditional positive
_____ is a psychotherapy in which therapists help clients change the way they think about life events.
_____ is a form of exposure therapy primarily used to treat phobias in which the client experiences relaxation and the anxiety-provoking thing or situation at the same time.
Psychodynamic therapists use a variety of techniques including:a. transference, dream analysis, and self-actualization.b. dream analysis, catastrophizing, and interpretation.c. free association,
2. Do you agree with the hypothesis that gender-specific socialization influences the rates of anxiety disorders for males and females?Imagine two soccer games on adjacent fields—one between teams
1. Psychologists and other experts in mental health work hard to create definitions of psychological disorders. They might use infrequency, deviation from social norms, personal distress, or
10 The core characteristic of antisocial personality disorder is _____.a. excessive shynessb. a very high level of anxietyc. a very high level of sadnessd. a disregard for, and violation of, the
_____ are psychological disorders in which the person loses awareness of, or becomes disconnected from, essential parts of themselves such as memories, emotions, or identity.a. Eating disordersb.
Hallucinations, delusions, flat affect, and loose associations are all symptoms of:a. anorexia nervosa.b. major depressive disorder.c. schizophrenia.d. obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Which of the following is true?a. Eating disorders occur equally often in males and females.b. Binge eating disorder involves a pattern of overeating followed by drastic attempts to avoid weight
_____ is characterized by an intense and irrational fear of the scrutiny of others and the embarrassment or humiliation that would follow.Hector has bipolar disorder. His mood goes back and forth
Joseph has an anxiety disorder. Which of these specific diagnoses could Joseph have?a. social anxiety disorder, panic disorder, or generalized anxiety disorderb. schizophrenia or dissociative
The number of psychological disorders has _____ since the mid-1900s.a. increasedb. decreasedc. remained the samed. alternated each decade between about a dozen and about 100
The book used by U.S. mental health professionals to diagnose or treat mental disorders is _____.
The _____ theory of abnormality asserts that factors within the human body—such as brain structures, neurochemicals, and genes—are the primary causes of psychological disorders.a. socioculturalb.
2. The research on attraction patterns comes to some pretty strong conclusions about what attracts us to each other as couples. Some of the biggest findings: Men who seek women prioritize looks;
1. We’ve all experienced salespeople who try many strategies to make a sale. A bicycle shop once tried to lowball me by advertising an unbelievably low price for a nice mountain bike and then,
_____ love is characterized by arousal and passion, while _____ love is characterized by deep commitment and affection.10 The idea that people help others because of a duty to do so, regardless of
Inez believes that the world is fair and that unfortunate events happen to people who deserve them. Her belief illustrates:a. common group identity.b. reciprocal liking.c. diffusion of
_____ is the tendency for a group’s attitudes to become more extreme as a result of group discussions.a. Social loafingb. Group polarizationc. Groupthinkd. Obedience
_____ is an increase in individual performance caused by the presence of other people.a. Social facilitationb. Social cognitionc. Social loafingd. The smoke detector principle
When a person changes his or her behavior to comply with the demands of an authority figure, that person is _____.a. conformingb. obeyingc. attributingd. discriminating
_____ is the discomfort caused by having an attitude that contradicts another attitude or behavior.a. Implicit attitudeb. Social rolec. Cognitive dissonanced. Group polarization
Which of the following is a persuasion technique?a. foot-in-the-door techniqueb. lowball techniquec. door-in-the-face techniqued. All of the answers are correct.
An _____ is a viewpoint, often influenced by both thoughts and emotions, that affects your responses to people, things, or situations.a. attributionb. attitudec. action
Yolanda is driving and sees another driver run a red light. According to the _____, Yolanda is likely to overestimate the importance of the situation and underestimate the importance of that
2. When psychologists do personality assessments, they increasingly offer their services—including clinical interviews—via videoconference(usually via apps similar to Skype). Some celebrate this
1. When I was a kid, I attended a sports camp. After a few days of track and field week, my best long jump was 9 feet. The next day, the counselor marking our distances in the sand pit laid a stick
10 Dr. Velsor is a psychologist conducting a personality assessment. If she’s using an objective personality test, which of the following might she be using?a. Rorschach inkblot techniqueb.
The five-factor model of personality emphasizes five fundamental traits present in all people to varying degrees. Which of these is NOT included among those five traits?a. Intelligenceb.
Trina believes that her own actions determine what happens in her life.Troy believes that outside forces, rather than his own actions, determine what happens in his life. Trina has a(n) _____ locus
The _____ theory of personality emphasizes the interaction of environment, thought processes, and social factors.a. social-cognitiveb. humanisticc. behaviorald. trait
According to Carl Rogers, _____ leads to unhappiness and mental illness.a. self-actualizationb. cultural incompetencec. extraversiond. incongruence
The correct sequence of Freud’s five psychosexual stages is:a. oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.b. latency, oral, phallic, genital, anal.c. phallic, anal, oral, genital, latency.d. oral, anal,
According to Sigmund Freud, the _____ is the animalistic part of the mind that generates our most basic, biologically based impulses such as sex and aggression.a. idb. egoc. superegod. ideal self
Morgan is working as a cashier, and an extremely attractive customer makes a purchase. Morgan tries to say to the customer, “Your total is six dollars.” However, she mistakenly says: “Your
_____ is the study of the impact of genes (nature) and environment(nurture) on personality and behavior.a. Self-actualizationb. Factor analysisc. Behavioral geneticsd. Identification
_____ is a person’s distinctive and stable way of thinking, feeling, and behaving.
1. In my private practice, I’ve seen quite a few heterosexual couples in therapy whose arguments involve a comparison of who’s got it worse, him or her. Typically, she lists her stressors, he
10 _____ is health care based on the idea that the human body can heal itself with low-dose medications made from natural sources.
_____ coping is a style of coping with stress that emphasizes changing the stressor itself, while _____ coping is a style of coping with stress that emphasizes changing your reaction to the
_____ is an effort to reduce or manage the experience of stress.a. Copingb. Projectionc. Posttraumatic stress disorderd. Psychoneuroimmunology
_____ occurs when people experience trauma but find a way to benefit, improve, or enrich themselves from that point forward.Keeping the old culture while embracing the new culture is the
People whose personalities feature high levels of _____ tend to experience less stress.a. anxietyb. extraversionc. neuroticismd. isolation
_____ is determining how stressful an event is. _____ is determining how capable you are to cope with the stressful event.Isaiah is noncompetitive, easygoing, relaxed, and rarely angry. Which of
Vanessa is about to give a speech to a large group of people. The unpleasant feeling Vanessa has about giving the speech is _____, while the speech itself is _____.a. stress; appraisalb. a stressor;
1. In this chapter, you’ve read what the experts have to say about cultural differences between different groups. How do your own experiences match with their descriptions? Have you traveled to
10. Which of the following is true regarding surveys of sexual orientation?a. Most researchers tend to settle on a range of about 2–4% of the general U.S. population as identifying as gay, lesbian,
9. Heather is a person whose gender and sex match. Which of these words best describes Heather?a. transgenderb. transitionc. heterosexuald. cisgender
8. _____ is your psychological and behavioral experience of maleness or femaleness.
7. Travis puts a bumper sticker on his car that makes a joke about a minority group. He intends it to be funny, but his next-door neighbor, who belongs to that group, finds it slightly hostile and
6. _____ is your ability to live and interact effectively in a multicultural society.a. Integrationb. Assimilationc. Cultural intelligenced. Worldview
5. Amber comes from a culture that emphasizes what’s best for the individual. Kyong comes from a culture that emphasizes what’s best for the group. Which of the following descriptions most
4. Andrzej moves from Poland to the United States. He retains his Polish culture and also adopts U.S. culture. The acculturation strategy that best describes this behavior is:a. assimilation.b.
3. _____ is the ability to simultaneously know the norm for a group and recognize that the norm might not apply to every member of that group.a. Dynamic sizingb. Microaggressionc. Culture shockd.
2. A _____ is a group of similar people who share beliefs and patterns of behavior.
Language is one way to measure diversity in the United States.Approximately _____% of U.S. residents speak a language other than English at home.a. 1b. 10c. 20d. 50
1. When Mary Ainsworth created the strange situation research design, her intent was to see how babies responded when they found themselves separated from their caretakers, then either left alone or
10 The functioning of the body and the brain typically peak ina. childhood.b. young adulthood.c. middle adulthood.d. older adulthood.
_____ _____ eight-stage psychosocial theory of development explains crises faced at every age from infancy through late adulthood.a. Jean Piaget’sb. Lev Vygotsky’sc. Erik Erikson’sd. Lawrence
Sierra is a teenager who makes lots of risky and dangerous decisions, including texting while driving and trying certain drugs, because she believes herself to be special or invulnerable. The term
Bobby is a parent of two children. He typically sets rules for his kids but also explains the rules and negotiates them with his kids. Bobby’s parenting style is best described asa.
_____ is a process by which a person learns new words, ideas, and ways of thinking by interacting with a more advanced person who provides decreasing levels of help.a. Assimilationb. Scaffoldingc.
_____ is a mental operation in which an amount or quantity remains the same regardless of the shape it takes.a. Object permanenceb. Egocentrismc. Accommodationd. Conservation
_____ is making sense of new information by sorting into already existing schemas, while _____ is making sense of new information by revising or creating new schemas.
Ben is a newborn baby. When he is surprised, he displays a reflex in which he flings his arms to the side. This reflex is known asa. rooting.b. grasping.c. the Moro reflex.d. blinking.
_____ are substances in the pregnant woman’s body that harm the embryo or fetus, including alcohol, pesticides, and some prescription drugs.
In a _____ research design, the same group of people is compared to itself at different points in time.
2. The research indicates that although the freshman 15 is more fiction than fact, it is true that college students consistently gain slight amounts of weight over the 4-year period. So far, does
1. When have you had peak experiences? When have you experienced flow? What kinds of activities facilitate these experiences for you? Are they planned or spontaneous? Do they involve other people, or
_____ theory is a theory of emotion stating that you experience emotion by simultaneously becoming aware of bodily changes and feelings.10 Which of the following is true regarding research on
According to research on the “freshman 15,”a. the freshman 15 happens to most men, but not most women.b. the freshman 15 happens to most women, but not most men.c. the freshman 15 happens to most
Hannah has a difficult time losing weight no matter how little she eats.Tianna has a difficult time gaining weight no matter how much she eats.In terms of biology, it is likely that Hannah and Tianna
Which of the following is true about the hormones leptin and ghrelin?a. They signal feelings related to fullness and hunger.b. They signal feelings related to fear and relaxation.c. They control
Jonathan is a middle-aged adult who is obese. As Jonathan gets older, if he remains obese he will be at high risk fora. physical problems, including diabetes.b. psychological problems, including
Body mass index indicates overall fitness level and amount of body fat.To determine body mass index, which of the following pieces of information is necessary?a. weight onlyb. height and weightc.
Kianna’s primary motivation in life is to find a close group of friends and a dating partner to whom she feels truly connected. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Kianna is focused on
_____ is a theory of motivation stating that the strongest and healthiest motivations are those that are autonomous, or come from within yourself.a. Self-determination theoryb. Achievement goal
A 7-year-old basketball player plays for the love of the game. A veteran professional basketball player plays for the money it brings. The 7-year old is motivated by _____. The pro is motivated by
1. Are we getting smarter? James Flynn and other researchers found that average IQ scores in the United States continue to get higher (Flynn, 1984, 1987). The average score on Wechsler tests in 1947
10 _____ _____ is the expectation that others may judge you according to stereotypes about a group to which you belong.
_____is the tendency of a test to produce scores in a consistently inaccurate way for members of particular groups.a. Test biasb. Validityc. Divergent thinkingd. Syntax
A _____ is the smallest distinct unit of speech.
_____ is the capacity to come up with original ideas or approaches to a problem._____ is the set of rules within a language.a. Grammarb. Syntaxc. Semanticsd. Phonemes
Rachel was searching for a new apartment. She found one she liked, and expected that after she moved in, she would be happy for a long time.However, the happiness didn’t last long. Within a week,
The _____ heuristic is an educated guess based on the information that most quickly and easily comes to mind.a. availabilityb. representativec. anchoringd. affect
A(n) _____ is a formula-like method of problem solving.a. algorithmb. heuristicc. framed. semantic
Psychologists define the term _____ as a mental representation of a category of similar things, actions, or people._____ _____ is using cognition to find a way to achieve a goal.a. Decision makingb.
2. Texting while driving is dangerous. In fact, some studies have found that texting drivers were more likely to miss the brake lights of the car in front of them, swerve out of their lane, and take
1. Before Pavlov intentionally conditioned his dogs to salivate to previously neutral stimuli (like the bell), they were classically conditioned by accident. The dogs picked up on sights and sounds
10 _____ _____ is the absence of any attempt to help oneself after learning through experience that the situation is outside of one’s control.
_____ _____ is an animal’s evolutionary predisposition to learn what is most relevant to the survival of that species.If a teenager—who has never driven a car before but has watched others
A _____ _____ is a signal indicating that a particular behavior will be followed by a particular consequence.When an animal trainer teaches a dolphin to jump out of the water and through a hoop by
A _____ _____ schedule is a reinforcement schedule in which a behavior is reinforced after an unpredictable number of occurrences—like winning money by buying lottery tickets.a. fixed-ratiob.
_____ is any consequence of a behavior that makes that behavior more likely to recur.a. Reinforcementb. Acquisitionc. Generalizationd. Punishment
Conditioning that takes places through observation of others’ life experiences rather than one’s own is known as _____ _____.a. vicarious conditioningb. higher-order conditioningc. operant

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