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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

What are chronic social identities? Which of your social identities would you describe as chronic?
Explain the difference between ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation. Why is this distinction important?
Describe the two ways in which people can conceptualize national identity. How do these differences in how people think of national identity affect prejudice? Most of the research on this topic has
Describe the relative deprivation theory of prejudice.
How can feelings of relative gratification cause prejudice?
Think back to the theory of modern-symbolic prejudice described in Chapter
How are feelings of relative deprivation related to that form of prejudice?
Describe the realistic conflict theory of prejudice. What situational and ideological factors contribute to perceptions of intergroup competition? What psychological and behavior effects do these
Intergroup competition can result in either outgroup derogation or ingroup favoritism. What factors do you think lead to one outcome versus the other? Explain the reasons for your answer.
Social progress by minority groups can lead to a backlash from majority-group members. Explain this backlash in terms of intergroup competition theory. Include in your answer the roles of competition
How well do the theories of intergroup competition and conflict that we discussed in this chapter explain conflicts now taking place in various parts of the world? In what ways do the theories do a
Explain how integrated threat theory brings social identity theory, relative deprivation theory, and social identity theory together. How are these theories related to social dominance theory,
As we discuss in Chapter 12, young people often hold prejudices and discriminate against older people. Use the model shown in Figure 8.3 to explain how that prejudice could develop. That is, what
What are hate groups? What psychological functions does hate group membership have?
How are hate group members recruited? What factors make a person vulnerable to recruitment by hate groups?
Describe the process of socializing a hate group member. What are the outcomes of the socialization process?
Describe the role that the internet plays in hate group recruitment and socialization.
Describe the techniques that members of hate groups use to indoctrinate racist attitudes into their children.
What factors motivate people to leave hate groups?
Describe how hate groups exploit the processes described earlier in the chapter (such as social identity, relative deprivation, realistic group conflict, and so forth) to recruit and socialize new
Define discrimination. How does discrimination differ from prejudice? How are the two concepts similar?
Define the four forms discrimination can take and give an example of each. Review the types of contemporary prejudice we discussed in Chapter
What forms of discrimination do you think those types of prejudice likely result in?
What are microaggressions? Think about microaggressions that you have experienced or observed. What factors do you think motivated or enabled those behaviors?
Describe the factors that influence the relationship between prejudice and discrimination. That is, under what conditions is prejudice most likely to result in discrimination?
Describe the types of motivation to control prejudice.
Researchers have found that people with higher scores on external motivation to control prejudice express more prejudice than people with lower scores. What psychological processes might explain this
Describe the development of motivation to control prejudice.
What are social norms? How are they related to prejudice and discrimination? What experiences have you had with social norms and prejudice and discrimination?
What is regressive prejudice? Describe the factors that can precipitate it. Have you observed any instances of regressive prejudice? If so, describe them and explain what factors led to the release
How do people react emotionally to having acted in a prejudiced manner? How does it affect their behavior?
What is an employment audit? Do you think that employment audits are effective tools for studying discrimination in hiring? Why or why not?
What has research discovered about race and gender discrimination in hiring? What has research discovered about race and gender discrimination in performance evaluation?
Researchers have found that Black workers usually get lower scores on objective measures of job performance than do White workers. What is the relevance of this finding for interpreting race
What has research discovered about race and gender discrimination in promotions? What organizational factors might contribute to these differences?
Describe the stereotype fit hypothesis. How does it explain race and gender differences in hiring, performance evaluation, and promotion?
Describe the ways in which the intersectionality of social categories such as race and gender can influence how people evaluate job applicants.
Describe how differences in the amount of respect that different social groups receive are related to organizational discrimination.
If an employer believes that his White customers do not want to interact with people of other ethnicities, does that justify his decision not to hire non-White workers? Explain your reasoning.
What is the shifting standards effect? How does it explain race and gender differences in hiring, performance evaluation, and promotion?
Explain the role contemporary prejudice plays in organizational discrimination.
What types of microaggression are found in the workplace? Why do they occur? What effects do they have?
Explain the role conformity to perceived norms plays in organizational discrimination.
Rather than attributing the differential outcomes minority and female workers experience in organizations to intentional discrimination, Smith and Elliott (2002) wrote that “We believe that
What are hate crimes?
Describe the characteristics of hate crime offenders.
Describe the role intergroup attitudes play in motivating hate crimes.
Explain how thrill seeking can motivate hate crimes. Who do thrill seekers choose as victims? How do they justify their behavior?
Some researchers believe that thrill-seeking hate crime offenders feel little animosity toward their victims or their groups. Do you agree or disagree? Explain the reasons for your position.
Explain intergroup defense as a motivation for hate crimes. What role does vicarious retribution play in this process?
Explain the role that peer group dynamics play in hate crimes.
Explain how community attitudes can affect the occurrence of hate crimes.
In what ways do the psychological consequences differ for the victims of hate crimes and those of crimes not motivated by bias? What causes these differences?
Explain the concept of secondary victimization.
Explain the concept of stigma and describe the five factors that distinguish between harmful and benign stigmas.
Do you think the basis of their stigma (such as whether it is based on race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, or another factor) matters from the point of view of marked, or stigmatized, individuals?
Give examples of groups in the modern world who are numerically a majority but are nonetheless stigmatized.
Explain why social scientists often consider women to be members of a stigmatized group.
Define stigma by association. How are your own interactions affected by the possibility of this stigma?
Give examples of token group members outside the corporate setting. Explain how the concepts of visibility, assimilation, and contrast relate to these individuals.
If you were doing research on the effects of tokenism, how would you determine whether a particular person’s experiences were unique to that person or part of an overall pattern of discrimination
If you are a member of a majority group, have you even been the sole member of group in a setting otherwise composed only of members of a minority group? If so, how did you feel? How did the other
What is the personal/group discrimination discrepancy (PGDD)? Outline the cognitive and motivational explanations for the PGDD and the results of the research on those explanations. Which explanation
Describe the factors that people take into account when deciding whether an action constitutes discrimination. Give an example of how you have used those criteria in your own life, either for a
Think of a time when you have witnessed discrimination. How did you respond and what factors affected your reaction? Having read about research on this topic, would you respond differently in the
Explain why people who claim discrimination might be evaluated negatively by members of their ingroup.
What is stigma consciousness? Describe how it can have negative consequences.
Reread Box 10.2. What could the instructor have done to create a classroom in which students would be more likely to confront a speaker who made derogatory comments? Explain your reasoning.
Explain the concept of stereotype threat. Outline the keys to understanding how stereotype threat operates.
If you were an elementary school teacher, how would you prepare your students for standardized tests so that the effects of stereotype threat would be minimized?
Review the six types of stereotype threat listed in Table 10.1. Give a real-world example that illustrates each of these types of threat.
What is stereotype lift? If you believed you had benefitted from this process, how would you feel? Explain your reasoning.
Explain the minority stress model. Be sure to distinguish between internal and external stressors.
Explain how social or community support can be a buffer against the experience of discrimination.
Is the stress associated with experiencing discrimination the same or different from other types of stress? Explain your reasoning.
Consider the current literature on how experiencing discrimination affects self-esteem. What are the most important questions that remain unanswered? If you were planning to conduct research on this
Explain the concept of psychological disengagement.
Distinguish between disidentification and discounting.
How might psychological disengagement affect the school performance of Latinos in the United States?
Explain the concept of behavioral compensation. Explain how members of stigmatized groups use behavioral compensation in situations where they might be discriminated against. Does behavioral
Consider the quotations that opened this chapter. Do you believe dominant-group members can ever understand what it is like to experience discriminatory behaviors? Why or why not? Are there factors
List the components of the gender belief system and give an example of each.
Kay Deaux and Marianne LaFrance (1998) argue that gender stereotypes are the most fundamental aspect of the gender belief system. Do you agree or disagree? What are your reasons for your answer?
What is face-ism? Find examples from the media, magazines, or art. Can you also find counterexamples?
Which emotions are stereotypically associated with women and which are stereotypically associated with men? Do you think these stereotypes affect the emotions women and men display? If so, how?
What is gender polarization? Do you believe that this belief accurately reflects men’s and women’s actual characteristics?
Provide evidence supporting and refuting the accuracy of gender stereotypes.
What is the women are wonderful effect? Does this effect apply to all women? Why or why not?
List three major ways women are discriminated against in your country.
Why do you think gender-associated beliefs are similar cross-culturally?
Is modern sexism more or less harmful than blatant sexism? Defend your answer.
Describe how blatant sexist attitudes have changed over time. Do you believe that modern sexist attitudes will also change? Why or why not?
What is the discrimination-affection paradox? How does ambivalent sexism theory account for it?
List the dimensions people use to categorize subtypes of women and men. What dimension distinguishes subtypes that are liked and disliked?
What are your views on feminism? Are those views related to whether you identify as a feminist? Why or why not?
Explain how hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes work in tandem to “keep women in their place.”
According to role congruity theory, what two forms of prejudice combine to limit women’s entry into and success in leadership roles?
Why do Eagly and Carli (2007) prefer the term “labyrinth” to the term “glass ceiling” when describing women’s progress in nontraditional occupations? Which term do you think is the better
Think of an example of a highly successful woman. Does her experience encourage or discourage you? Why? Use the theories described in this chapter to explain your viewpoint.
Describe ways in which the male role is prescriptive. Do you believe these prescriptions affect men’s lives in important ways, minor ways, or both?

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