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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

The most systematic procedure for solving a problem is a(n) ____________.
A mental grouping of similar things is called a ____________.
How have environmental influences shaped your ability to reach your academic potential?
The concept of multiple intelligences suggests that different people have different gifts. What are yours?
Can you think of a time when you believed an animal was communicating with you? How might you put that to a test?
How could you use mental practice to improve your performance in some area of your life?
Can you recall a time when contradictory information challenged one of your views? Was it hard for you to consider the opposite view? Did you change your mind?
What are the things you fear? Are some of those fears out of proportion to statistical risk? Are there other areas of your life where you need to take more precautions?
Psychologists involved in the study of memories of abuse tend to disagree with each other about which of the following statements?Memories of events that happened before age 4 are not reliable.We
Children can be accurate eyewitnesses if interviewers give the children hints about what really happened.a neutral person asks nonleading questions soon after the event.the children have a chance to
When a situation triggers the feeling that “I’ve been here before,” you are experiencing __________ __________.
We may recognize a face at a social gathering but be unable to remember how we know that person. This is an example of __________ __________.
Eliza’s family loves to tell the story of how she “stole the show” as a 2-year-old, dancing at her aunt’s wedding reception. Even though she was so young, Eliza says she can recall the event
One reason false memories form is our tendency to fill in memory gaps with our reasonable guesses and assumptions, sometimes based on misleading information. This tendency is an example of proactive
Freud proposed that painful or unacceptable memories are blocked from consciousness through a mechanism called __________.
The hour before sleep is a good time to memorize information, because going to sleep after learning new material minimizes __________ interference.
Ebbinghaus’ “forgetting curve” shows that after an initial decline, memory for novel information tends to increase slightly.decrease noticeably.decrease greatly.level out.
When forgetting is due to encoding failure, information has not been transferred from the environment into sensory memory.sensory memory into long-term memory.long-term memory into short-term
When tested immediately after viewing a list of words, people tend to recall the first and last items more readily than those in the middle. When retested after a delay, they are most likely to
When you feel sad, why might it help to look at pictures that reawaken some of your best memories?
Specific odors, visual images, emotions, or other associations that help us access a memory are examples of __________ __________.
A psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects as you can remember having seen a few minutes earlier is testing your __________.
Long-term potentiation (LTP) refers to emotion-triggered hormonal changes.the role of the hippocampus in processing explicit memories.an increase in a cell’s firing potential.aging people’s
Hippocampus damage typically leaves people unable to learn new facts or recall recent events. However, they may be able to learn new skills, such as riding a bicycle, which is an __________
The hippocampus seems to function as a temporary processing site for explicit memories.temporary processing site for implicit memories.permanent storage area for emotion-based memories.permanent
Memory aids that use visual imagery or other organizational devices are called __________.
Our short-term memory for new information is limited to about __________ items.
Sensory memory may be visual (__________ memory) or auditory (__________ memory).
The concept of working memory clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on the active processing that occurs in this stage.splits short-term memory into two substages—sensory memory and
The psychological terms for taking in information, retaining it, and later getting it back out are __________, __________, and __________.
Which of the study and memory strategies suggested at the end of this chapter do you plan to try first?
Think of a memory you frequently recall. How might you have changed it without conscious awareness?
If you were on a jury in a trial involving recovered memories of abuse, do you think you could be impartial? Would it matter whether the defendant was a parent accused of sexual abuse, or a therapist
Most people wish for a better memory. Is that true of you? Do you ever wish you were better at forgetting certain memories?
In what ways do you notice your moods coloring your memories, perceptions, or expectations?
Can you recall a time when stress helped you remember something? Has stress ever made it more difficult to remember something?
How do you make psychology terms more personally meaningful so you remember them better? Could you do this more often?
What has your memory system encoded, stored, and retrieved today?
Most experts agree that repeated viewing of TV violence makes all viewers significantly more aggressive.has little effect on viewers.is a risk factor for viewers’ increased aggression.makes viewers
Some scientists believe that the brain has ______ neurons that enable observation and imitation.
Parents are most effective in getting their children to imitate them if their words and actions are consistent.they have outgoing personalities.one parent works and the other stays home to care for
According to Bandura, we learn by watching models because we experience ______ reinforcement or ______ punishment.
Children learn many social behaviors by imitating parents and other models. This type of learning is called ______ ______.
Evidence that cognitive processes play an important role in learning comes in part from studies in which rats running a maze develop a of ______ ______ the maze.
Taste-aversion research has shown that some animals develop aversions to certain tastes but not to sights or sounds. This finding supports Pavlov’s demonstration of generalization.Darwin’s
Which research showed that conditioning can occur even when the unconditioned stimulus (US) does not immediately follow the neutral stimulus (NS)?The Little Albert experiment Pavlov’s experiments
An old saying notes that “a burnt child dreads the fire.” In operant conditioning, the burning would be an example of a primary reinforcer.negative reinforcer.punisher.positive reinforcer.
The partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after unpredictable time periods is a ______ schedule.
A restaurant is running a special deal. After you buy four meals at full price, your fifth meal will be free.This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement.fixed-ratio variable-ratio
Reinforcing a desired response only some of the times it occurs is called ______ reinforcement.
How could your psychology instructor use negative reinforcement to encourage you to pay attention during class?
Your dog is barking so loudly that it’s making your ears ring. You clap your hands, the dog stops barking, your ears stop ringing, and you think to yourself, “I’ll have to do that when he barks
One way to change behavior is to reward natural behaviors in small steps, as they get closer and closer to a desired behavior. This process is called ______.
Thorndike’s law of effect was the basis for ______’s work on operant conditioning and behavior control.
“Sex sells!” is a common saying in advertising. Using classical conditioning terms, explain how sexual images in advertisements can condition your response to a product.
After Watson and Rayner classically conditioned Little Albert to fear a white rat, the child later showed fear in response to a rabbit, a dog, and a sealskin coat. This illustrates
Dogs have been taught to salivate to a circle but not to a square. This process is an example of ______.
In Pavlov’s experiments, the tone started as a neutral stimulus, and then became a(n) ______ stimulus.
Two forms of associative learning are classical conditioning, in which we associate ______, and operant conditioning, in which we associate ______.two or more responses; a response and consequence
Learning is defined as “the process of acquiring, through experience, new and relatively enduring ______ or ______.”
Who has been a significant role model for you? What did you learn from observing this person? Are you a role model for someone else?
Is your behavior in this class influenced more by intrinsic motivation or extrinsic motivation?
Think of a bad habit of yours or of a friend. How could you or your friend use operant conditioning to break it?
Can you recall a time when a teacher, coach, family member, or employer helped you learn something by shaping your behavior in little steps until you achieved your goal?
How have your emotions or behaviors been classically conditioned?
Which of the following ESP events is supported by solid, replicable scientific evidence?Telepathy Clairvoyance Precognition None of these answers
A food’s aroma can greatly enhance its taste. This is an example of sensory adaptation.synesthesia.kinesthesia.sensory interaction.
Why do you feel a little dizzy immediately after a roller-coaster ride?
_______is your sense of body position and movement. Your _______ _______specifically monitors your head’s movement, with sensors in the inner ear.
We have specialized nerve receptors for detecting which five tastes? How did this ability aid our ancestors?
The sensory receptors that are found mostly in the skin and that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure, or chemicals are called _______.
What are the basic steps in transforming sound waves into perceived sound?
The snail-shaped tube in the inner ear, where sound waves are converted into neural activity, is called the _______.
In experiments, people have worn glasses that turned their visual fields upside down. After a period of adjustment, they learned to function quite well. This ability is called _______ _______.
After surgery to restore vision, patients who had been blind from birth had difficulty recognizing objects by touch.recognizing objects by sight.distinguishing figure from ground.distinguishing
Perceiving a tomato as consistently red, despite lighting shifts, is an example of shape constancy.perceptual constancy.a binocular cue.continuity.
Two examples of _______depth cues are interposition and linear perspective.
Depth perception underlies our ability to group similar items in a gestalt.perceive objects as having a constant shape or form.judge distances.fill in the gaps in a figure.
The visual cliff experiments suggest that infants have not yet developed depth perception.crawling human infants and very young animals perceive depth.we have no way of knowing whether infants can
In listening to a concert, you attend to the star performer and perceive the other musicians as accompaniment. This illustrates the organizing principle of figure-ground.shape
Our tendencies to fill in the gaps and to perceive a pattern as continuous are two different examples of the organizing principle called interposition.depth perception.shape constancy.grouping.
The brain’s ability to process many aspects of an object or a problem simultaneously is called _______ _______.
The cells in the visual cortex that respond to certain lines, edges, and angles are called _______ _______.
What mental processes allow you to perceive a lemon as yellow?
Two theories together account for color vision. The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory shows that the eye contains _______, and Hering’s theory accounts for the nervous system’s having
Cones are the eye’s receptor cells that are especially sensitive to _______light and are responsible for our vision _______.bright; black-and-white dim; color bright; color dim; black-and-white
The blind spot in your retina is located where there are rods but no cones.there are cones but no rods.the optic nerve leaves the eye.the bipolar cells meet the ganglion cells.
The amplitude of a light wave determines our perception of _______.brightness.color.meaning.distance.
The characteristic of light that determines the color we experience, such as blue or green, is _______.
Our perceptual set influences what we perceive. This mental tendency reflects our experiences, assumptions, and expectations.sensory adaptation.priming ability.difference thresholds.
Sensory adaptation helps us focus on visual stimuli.auditory stimuli.constant features of the environment.important changes in the environment.
Weber’s law states that for a difference to be perceived, two stimuli must differ by a fixed or constant energy amount.a constant minimum percentage.a constantly changing amount.more than 7 percent.
Another term for difference threshold is the_______ _______ _______.
Subliminal stimuli are too weak to be processed by the brain.consciously perceived more than 50 percent of the time.always strong enough to affect our behavior at least 75 percent of the time.below
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information is called_______.
Sensation is to _______as perception is to_______.absolute threshold; difference threshold bottom-up processing; top-down processing interpretation; detection grouping; priming
How would you respond if, after you were injured, a friend said, “The pain is just in your head”?
What would your life be like without perceptual constancy?
People often compare the human eye to a camera. Do you think this is an accurate comparison? Why or why not?
Can you recall a time when your expectations influenced how you perceived a person (or group of people)? What happened?

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