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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

20. What evidence indicates that a smaller than average hippocampus makes people more vulnerable to PTSD?
19. How do the cortisol levels of PTSD victims compare to those of other people?
18. How does prolonged stress damage the hippocampus?
17. True or false: Fear and anger are consistently harmful to health.
16. What behavioral changes do cytokines stimulate?
15. What kind of cell releases cytokines?
2. People with amygdala damage approach other people indiscriminately instead of trying to choose people who look friendly and trustworthy. What might be a possible explanation?
1. Much of the play behavior of a cat can be analyzed into attack and escape components. Is the same true for children’s play?
14. What would be the eff ect of benzodiazepines on someone who had no GABA?
13. Why do people with amygdala damage have trouble recognizing expressions of fear?
12. How could a researcher use the startle refl ex to determine whether some stimulus causes fear?
11. What brain mechanism enables the startle refl ex to be so fast?
10. What change in diet can alter the production of serotonin?
9. Given that monkeys with low serotonin turnover pick many fi ghts and in most cases die young, what keeps natural selection from eliminating the genes for low serotonin turnover?
8. If we want to know how much serotonin the brain has been releasing, what should we measure?
7. How does testosterone infl uence emotional and cognitive responses to a facial expression of anger?
6. What relationship did Caspi et al. (2002) report between the enzyme MAOA and antisocial behavior?
1. According to the James-Lange theory, we should expect people with pure autonomic failure to experience weaker than average emotions. What kind of people might experience stronger than average
5. If brain damage impairs someone’s emotions, what happens to the person’s decision making?
4. What are the contributions of the right hemisphere to emotional behaviors and interpreting other people’s emotions?
3. Which kind of emotion, and which kind of sensation, depend most heavily on the insula?
2. How did researchers get people to smile or frown without using those words?
1. According to the James-Lange theory, what kind of person should feel no emotions?
18. How might stress to a pregnant rat alter the sexual orientation of her male off spring?
17. By what route does having an older brother probably increase the probability of male homosexuality?
16. It seems diffi cult to explain how a gene could remain at a moderately high frequency in the population if most men with the gene do not reproduce. How would the hypothesis about inactivation by
15. Name a physical or behavioral diff erence between homosexual and heterosexual men other than sexual activities.
14. What does the enzyme 5-reductase 2 do?
13. What would cause a genetic male (XY) to develop a partly feminized external anatomy?
12. If a genetic female is exposed to extra testosterone during prenatal development, what behavioral eff ect is likely?
11. What is a common cause for a genetic female (XX) to develop a partly masculinized anatomy?
3. Antipsychotic drugs, such as haloperidol and chlorpromazine, block activity at dopamine synapses. What side eff ects might they have on sexual behavior?
2. Th e presence or absence of testosterone determines whether a mammal will diff erentiate as a male or a female. In birds, the story is the opposite: Th e presence or absence of estrogen is
1. Th e pill RU-486 produces abortions by blocking the eff ects of progesterone. Why would blocking progesterone interfere with pregnancy?
8. What behavioral change occurs after orgasm, and which hormone is responsible?
6. What is the explanation for why married men tend to have lower testosterone levels than single men of the same age?
5. By what mechanism do testosterone and estradiol aff ect the hypothalamic areas responsible for sexual behavior?
1. How do sex hormones affect neurons?
3. Would you expect the cortical cells of a rabbit to be just as sensitive to the effects of experience as are the cells of cats and primatespg105 Why or why notpg105
2. A rabbit’s eyes are on the sides of its head instead of in front. Would you expect rabbits to have many cells with binocular receptive fields—that is, cells that respond to both eyespg105 Why
1. After a receptor cell is stimulated, the bipolar cell receiving input from it shows an immediate strong response. A fraction of a second later, the bipolar’s response decreases, even though the
24. Why is it important to correct astigmatism earlypg105
23. What causes astigmatismpg105
22. What early experience is necessary to maintain binocular input to the neurons of the visual cortexpg105
20. What is a feature detectorpg105
19. What do cells within a column of the visual cortex have in commonpg105
18. How could a researcher determine whether a given neuron in the visual cortex is simple or complexpg105
17. What is an example of an unconscious visually guided behaviorpg105
16. If you were in a darkened room and researchers wanted to “read your mind” just enough to know whether you were having visual fantasies, what could they dopg105
15. What are the differences between the magnocellular and parvocellular systemspg105
14. As we progress from bipolar cells to ganglion cells to later cells in the visual system, are receptive fields ordinarily larger, smaller, or the same sizepg105 Whypg105
13. Examine Figure 6.18. You should see grayish diamonds at the crossroads among the black squares. Explain why.
12. If light strikes only one receptor, what is the net effect(excitatory or inhibitory) on the nearest bipolar cell that is directly connected to that receptorpg105 What is the effect on bipolar
11. When light strikes a receptor, does the receptor excite or inhibit the bipolar cellspg105 What effect does it have on horizontal cellspg105 What effect does the horizontal cell have on bipolar
10. Where does the optic nerve start and where does it endpg105
8. Figure 6.9 shows 500 nm light as blue and 550 nm light as yellow. Why should we nevertheless not call them“blue light” and “yellow light”pg105
7. When a television set is off, its screen appears gray.When you watch a program, parts of the screen appear black, even though more light is actually showing on the screen than when the set was
6. Suppose a bipolar cell receives excitatory input from medium-wavelength cones and inhibitory input from all three kinds of cones. When it is highly excited, what color would one seepg105 When it
5. If you found a species with a high ratio of cones to rods in its retina, what would you predict about its way of lifepg105
4. You sometimes find that you can see a faint star on a dark night better if you look slightly to the side of the star instead of straight at it. Whypg105
3. What makes the blind spot of the retina blindpg105
2. If it were possible to flip your entire brain upside down, without breaking any of the connections to sense organs or muscles, what would happen to your perceptions of what you see, hear, and so
1. If someone electrically stimulated the auditory receptors in your ear, what would you perceivepg105
29. Suppose someone has suffered a spinal cord injury that interrupts all sensation from the left arm. Now he or she uses only the right arm. Of the following, which is the most promising therapy:
27. Many people with schizophrenia take drugs that block dopamine synapses. After prolonged use, the side effects include frequent involuntary movements. What is one possible explanationpg105
26. Is denervation supersensitivity a change in axons or dendritic receptorspg105
25. Is collateral sprouting a change in axons or dendritic receptorspg105
24. After someone has had a stroke, would it be best (if possible) to direct stimulant drugs to the cells that were damaged or somewhere elsepg105
23. If one of your relatives has a stroke and a well-meaning person offers a blanket, what should you dopg105
22. Why is tPA not helpful in cases of hemorrhagepg105
21. What are the two kinds of stroke, and what causes each kindpg105
20. What is one way in which older adults compensate for less efficient brain functioningpg105
19. When people claim that adolescents make risky decisions because of a lack of inhibition, which brain area do they point to as being responsible for inhibitionpg105
18. Under what circumstances are adolescents most likely to make an impulsive decisionpg105
17. What procedure is most promising for treating musician’s cramppg105
16. What change in the brain is responsible for musician’s cramppg105
14. Under what circumstance would the occipital cortex of a sighted adult become responsive to touchpg105
12. An enriched environment promotes growth of axons and dendrites. What is known to be one important reason for this effectpg105
11. In the ferret study, how did the experimenters determine that visual input to the auditory portions of the brain actually produced a visual sensationpg105
10. Anesthetic drugs increase inhibition of neurons, blocking most action potentials. Why would we predict that exposure to anesthetics might be dangerous to the brain of a fetuspg105
9. At what age does a person have the greatest number of neurons—before birth, during childhood, during adolescence, or during adulthoodpg105
8. What class of chemicals prevents apoptosispg105
7. What process ensures that the spinal cord has the right number of axons to innervate all the muscle cellspg105
6. If axons from the retina were prevented from showing spontaneous activity during early development, what would be the probable effect on development of the lateral geniculatepg105
5. If all cells in an amphibian’s tectum produced the same amount of TOPDV, what would be the effect on the attachment of axonspg105
4. What was Sperry’s evidence that axons grow to a specific target instead of attaching at randompg105
3. What evidence indicated that new neurons seldom or never form in the adult cerebral cortexpg105
2. In which brain areas do new neurons form in adultspg105
1. Which develops first, a neuron’s axon or its dendritespg105
24. In which way do men and women differ most—intellectual performance, total gray matter, or total white matterpg105
23. Why do recent studies show a stronger relationship between brain size and IQ than older studies didpg105
22. Why are both brain size and brain-to-body ratio unsatisfactory ways of estimating animal intelligencepg105
20. Suppose someone demonstrates that a particular brain area becomes active when people are listening to music.When that area becomes active later, what, if anything, can we concludepg105
19. What does fMRI measurepg105
18. Why does electrical or magnetic stimulation of the brain seldom produce complex, meaningful sensations or movementspg105
17. How do the effects of brief, mild magnetic stimulation differ from those of longer, more intense stimulationpg105
16. What is the difference between a lesion and an ablationpg105
4. Correlate brain anatomy with behavior. Do people with some unusual behavior also have unusual brainspg105 If so, in what waypg105
3. Record brain activity during behavior. We might record changes in brain activity during fighting, sleeping, finding food, solving a problem, or any other behavior.
2. Examine the effects of stimulating a brain area. Ideally, if damaging some area impairs a behavior, stimulating that area should enhance the behavior.

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