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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

13. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary motor cortexpg109
12. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary visual cortexpg109
11. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary somatosensory cortexpg109
10. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary auditory cortexpg109
8. Which area is the main source of input to the cerebral cortexpg109The drug phenylephrine is sometimes prescribed for people suffering from a sudden loss of blood pressure or other medical
7. Of the following, which are in the hindbrain, which in the midbrain, and which in the forebrain: basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, medulla, pituitary gland, pons, substantia
6. Which functions are controlled by the sympathetic nervous systempg109 Which are controlled by the parasympathetic nervous systempg109
5. Sensory nerves enter which side of the spinal cord, dorsal or ventralpg109
2. What term means toward the side, away from the midline, and what is its oppositepg109
1. What does dorsal mean, and what is its oppositepg109
2. The research on sensitization of the nucleus accumbens has dealt with addictive drugs, mainly cocaine.Would you expect a gambling addiction to have similar effectspg109 How could someone test this
1. People who take methylphenidate (Ritalin) for control of attention-deficit disorder often report that, although the drug increases their arousal for a while, they feel a decrease in alertness and
31. How does Antabuse workpg109
30. Who would be likely to drink more alcohol—someone who metabolizes acetaldehyde to acetic acid rapidly or one who metabolizes it slowlypg109
29. When addiction develops, how does the nucleus accumbens change its response to the addictive activity and to other reinforcementspg109
28. Someone who is quitting an addictive substance for the first time is strongly counseled not to try it again. Whypg109
26. Name at least two ways a gene could influence alcoholism.
25. Which type of alcoholism—Type I or Type II—has a stronger genetic basispg109 Which type has earlier onsetpg109
24. If incoming serotonin axons were destroyed, LSD would still have its full effects. However, if incoming dopamine axons were destroyed, amphetamine and cocaine would lose their effects. Explain
23. What are the effects of cannabinoids on neuronspg109
22. How do opiates influence dopamine synapsespg109
20. Why is methylphenidate generally less disruptive to behavior than cocaine is despite the drugs’ similar mechanismspg109
19. How do amphetamine and cocaine influence dopamine synapsespg109
21. How does nicotine affect dopamine synapsespg109
18. What do drug use, sex, gambling, and video game playing have in commonpg109
17. Is a drug with high affinity and low efficacy an agonist or an antagonistpg109
16. What happens to serotonin and catecholamine molecules after they stimulate a postsynaptic receptorpg109
15. What happens to acetylcholine molecules after they stimulate a postsynaptic receptorpg109
14. In what way is a neuropeptide intermediate between other neurotransmitters and hormonespg109
13. Which part of the pituitary—anterior or posterior—is neural tissue, similar to the hypothalamuspg109 Which part is glandular tissue and produces hormones that control the secretions by other
12. How are neuropeptides special compared to other transmitterspg109
11. What are second messengers, and which type of synapse relies on thempg109
10. How do ionotropic and metabotropic synapses differ in speed and duration of effectspg109
9. When the action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, which ion must enter the presynaptic terminal to evoke release of the neurotransmitterpg109
8. Name the three catecholamine neurotransmitters.
7. What does a highly active brain area do to increase its blood supplypg109
6. What was Loewi’s evidence that neurotransmission depends on the release of chemicalspg109
4. Figure 3.11 shows synaptic connections to produce a cell that responds to “A and B if not C.” Construct a wiring diagram so that a cell responds to “A or B if not C.” This is much trickier
2. A pinch on an animal’s right hind foot excites a sensory neuron that excites an interneuron that excites the motor neurons to the flexor muscles of that leg. The interneuron also inhibits the
1. When Sherrington measured the reaction time of a reflex (i.e., the delay between stimulus and response), he found that the response occurred faster after a strong stimulus than after a weak one.
5. Can an inhibitory message flow along an axonpg109
4. What ion gates in the membrane open during an EPSPpg109 What gates open during an IPSPpg109
3. What was Sherrington’s evidence for inhibition in the nervous systempg109
2. What is the difference between temporal summation and spatial summationpg109
3. If a drug partly blocks a membrane’s potassium channels, how does it affect the action potentialpg109
2. In the laboratory, researchers can apply an electrical stimulus at any point along the axon, making action potentials travel in both directions from the point of stimulation. An action potential
1. Suppose the threshold of a neuron were the same as its resting potential. What would happenpg109 At what frequency would the cell produce action potentialspg109
17. In a myelinated axon, how would the action potential be affected if the nodes were much closer togetherpg109 How might it be affected if the nodes were much farther apartpg109
16. Suppose researchers find that axon A can produce up to 1,000 action potentials per second (at least briefly, with maximum stimulation), but axon B can never produce more than 100 per second
15. Does the all-or-none law apply to dendritespg109 Why or why notpg109
14. State the all-or-none law.
13. As the membrane reaches the peak of the action potential, what brings the membrane down to the original resting potentialpg109
12. During the rise of the action potential, do sodium ions move into the cell or out of itpg109 Whypg109
11. What is the relationship between the threshold and an action potentialpg109
10. What is the difference between a hyperpolarization and a depolarizationpg109
9. When the membrane is at rest, what tends to drive the potassium ions out of the cellpg109 What tends to draw them into the cellpg109
8. When the membrane is at rest, are the sodium ions more concentrated inside the cell or outsidepg109 Where are the potassium ions more concentratedpg109
4. Which kind of glia cell wraps around the synaptic terminals of axonspg109
3. Identify the four major structures that compose a neuron.
2. Which animal species would have the longest axonspg109
1. What are the widely branching structures of a neuron calledpg109 And what is the long thin structure that carries information to another cell calledpg109
14. How does the “minimalist” position differ from the “abolitionist”positionpg109
12. What are two plausible ways for possible altruistic genes to spread in a populationpg109
11. Many people believe the human appendix is useless. Will it become smaller and smaller with each generationpg109
10. What example illustrates the point that even if some characteristic is highly heritable, a change in the environment can alter itpg109
9. Suppose someone determines the heritability of IQ scores for a given population. Then society changes in a way that provides the best possible opportunity for everyone within that population. Will
8. What are the main types of evidence to estimate the heritability of some behaviorpg109
7. How does adding a methyl or acetyl group to a histone protein alter gene activitypg109
6. How does an epigenetic change differ from a mutationpg109
5. Suppose someone identifies a “gene” for certain aspects of sexual development. In what ways might that statement be misleadingpg109
4. How does a sex-linked gene differ from a sex-limited genepg109
3. Suppose you have high sensitivity to the taste of PTC. If your mother has low sensitivity, what (if anything) can you predict about your father’s taste sensitivitypg109
Suppose you have high sensitivity to tasting PTC. If your mother can also taste it easily, what (if anything) can you predict about your father’s ability to taste itpg109
2. What are the special difficulties of studying the evolution of behavior, given that behavior doesn’t leave fossils (with a few exceptions such as footprints showing an animal’s gait)pg109
1. Is consciousness usefulpg109 That is, what (if anything)can we do because of consciousness that we couldn’t do otherwisepg109
How does an evolutionary explanation differ from a functional explanationpg109
What is a possible neurological explanation? That is, can you imagine a pattern of brain damage that might produce this result?
2. In a syndrome called word blindness, a person loses the ability to read (even single letters), although the person can still see and speak.
16. What usually gives the most problems to a person with dyslexia—vision, hearing, or connecting vision to hearing?
15. In what way do musical compositions vary depending on the language spoken by the composer?
14. Describe the speech comprehension of people with Wernicke’s aphasia.
13. Describe the speech production of people with Wernicke’s aphasia.
12. What kind of words do Broca’s patients have the most trouble understanding?
11. What kind of words are Broca’s patients least likely to use?
10. What is the strongest evidence in favor of a sensitive period for language learning?
When a person born without a corpus callosum moves the fingers of one hand, he or she also is likely to move the fingers of the other hand involuntarily. What possible explanation can you suggest?
6. A child born without a corpus callosum can name something felt with the left hand, but an adult who suffered damage to the corpus callosum cannot. What are two likely explanations?
5. Which hemisphere is dominant for the following in most people: speech, emotional inflection of speech, interpreting other people’s emotional expressions, spatial relationships, perceiving
4. After a split-brain person sees something in the left visual field, how can he or she identify the object?
2. In humans, light from the right visual field strikes the _____ half of each retina, which sends its axons to the _____ hemisphere of the brain.
1. The left hemisphere of the brain is connected to the right eye in rabbits. In humans, the left hemisphere is connected to the left half of each retina. Explain the reason for this species
18. At this point, what type of drug or chemical is most clearly shown to improve memory without unacceptable side effects?
17. After the neuron has gone through LTP: What is now the effect of glutamate at the AMPA receptors? At the NMDA receptors?
16. During the formation of LTP: When a burst of intense stimulation releases much more glutamate than usual at two or more incoming axons, what is the effect of the glutamate at the AMPA receptors?
15. Before LTP: In the normal state, what is the effect of glutamate at the AMPA receptors? At the NMDA receptors?
14. When serotonin blocks potassium channels on the presynaptic terminal, what is the effect on transmission?
13. How can a Hebbian synapse account for the basic phenomena of classical conditioning?
12. Which brain area records the expected gains and losses associated with possible actions?
11. How does amyloid-b relate to tau?
10. On what kind of question is someone with Korsakoff’s syndrome most likely to confabulate?

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