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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

If most information in the brain is processed outside of our awareness, how can we ever really know ourselves?
In what ways has learning about the physical brain influenced your thoughts about human nature?
Do you remember feeling the lingering effects of hormones after a really stressful event? How did it feel? How long did it last?
Think back to a time when you felt your autonomic nervous system kick in. What was your body preparing you for?
Can you think of a time when endorphins may have saved you or a friend from feeling intense pain? What happened?
What other questions or concerns do you have about psychology?
If you could conduct a study on any psychological question, which would you choose? How would you do it?
What about psychology has surprised you the most so far?
Which of the four big ideas is most interesting to you? What was it that attracted your attention to that idea?
Imagine that someone claims she can interpret your dreams or can speak to the dead. How could critical thinking help you check her claims?
How would you have defined psychology before taking this class?
In defending their experimental research with animals, psychologists have noted that animals’ biology and behavior can tell us much about our own.animals are fascinating creatures and worthy of
The laboratory environment is designed to exactly re-create the events of everyday life.re-create psychological forces under controlled conditions.provide a safe place.reduce the use of animals and
A researcher wants to know whether noise level affects workers’ blood pressure. In one group, she varies the level of noise in the environment and records participants’ blood pressure. In this
In a double-blind procedure, only the participants know whether they are in the control group or the experimental group.experimental and control group members will be carefully matched for age, sex,
To test the effect of a new drug on depression, researchers randomly assign people to control and experimental groups. People in the control group take a pill that contains no medication. This pill
To explain behaviors and clarify cause and effect, psychologists use _______.
Here are some recently reported correlations, with interpretations drawn by journalists. Knowing just these correlations, can you come up with other possible explanations for each of these?Alcohol
Knowing that two events correlate provides a basis for prediction.an explanation of why the events are related.proof that as one increases, the other also increases.an indication that an underlying
A study finds that the more childbirth training classes women attend, the less pain medication they require during childbirth. This finding can be stated as a _______ (positive/negative) correlation.
You wish to survey a group of people who will reflect the views of the country’s entire adult population.To do this, you will need to question a _______ sample of the population, in which each
Which of the following is NOT one of the descriptive methods psychologists use to study behavior?A case study Correlational research A phone survey Naturalistic observation
Theory-based predictions are called _______.
As scientists, psychologists keep their methods private so others will not repeat their research.assume the truth of articles published in leading scientific journals.reject evidence that competes
_______ _______ refers to our tendency to perceive events as predictable and obvious after the fact.
Martin Seligman and other researchers who explore various aspects of human flourishing refer to their field of study as _______ _______.
_______ _______ is the principle that our mind processes information on two tracks at the same time—one with our full awareness and the other outside of our awareness.
“Nurture works on what nature provides.” Describe what this means, using your own words.
Nature is to nurture as personality is to intelligence.biology is to experience.intelligence is to biology.psychological traits are to behaviors.
How can critical thinking help you evaluate claims in the media, even if you’re not a scientific expert on the issue?
A psychologist doing research from the _______ perspective might be interested in how our blood chemistry affects our moods and motives.psychodynamic behavioral neuroscience social-cultural
A mental health professional with a medical degree who can prescribe medication is a _______.
A psychologist treating emotionally troubled adolescents at a local mental health agency is most likely to be a(n)research psychologist.psychiatrist.industrial-organizational psychologist.clinical
In the early twentieth century, _______ redefined psychology as “the science of observable behavior.”John B. Watson Abraham Maslow William James Sigmund Freud
In 1879, in psychology’s first experiment, _______ and his students measured the time lag between hearing a ball hit a platform and pressing a key.
3. Would you expect the cortical cells of a rabbit to be just as sensitive to the effects of experience as are the cells of cats and primatespg109 Why or why notpg109
2. A rabbit’s eyes are on the sides of its head instead of in front. Would you expect rabbits to have many cells with binocular receptive fields—that is, cells that respond to both eyespg109 Why
1. After a receptor cell is stimulated, the bipolar cell receiving input from it shows an immediate strong response. A fraction of a second later, the bipolar’s response decreases, even though the
24. Why is it important to correct astigmatism earlypg109
23. What causes astigmatismpg109
22. What early experience is necessary to maintain binocular input to the neurons of the visual cortexpg109
20. What is a feature detectorpg109
19. What do cells within a column of the visual cortex have in commonpg109
18. How could a researcher determine whether a given neuron in the visual cortex is simple or complexpg109
17. What is an example of an unconscious visually guided behaviorpg109
16. If you were in a darkened room and researchers wanted to “read your mind” just enough to know whether you were having visual fantasies, what could they dopg109
15. What are the differences between the magnocellular and parvocellular systemspg109
14. As we progress from bipolar cells to ganglion cells to later cells in the visual system, are receptive fields ordinarily larger, smaller, or the same sizepg109 Whypg109
13. Examine Figure 6.18. You should see grayish diamonds at the crossroads among the black squares. Explain why.
12. If light strikes only one receptor, what is the net effect(excitatory or inhibitory) on the nearest bipolar cell that is directly connected to that receptorpg109 What is the effect on bipolar
11. When light strikes a receptor, does the receptor excite or inhibit the bipolar cellspg109 What effect does it have on horizontal cellspg109 What effect does the horizontal cell have on bipolar
10. Where does the optic nerve start and where does it endpg109
8. Figure 6.9 shows 500 nm light as blue and 550 nm light as yellow. Why should we nevertheless not call them“blue light” and “yellow light”pg109
7. When a television set is off, its screen appears gray.When you watch a program, parts of the screen appear black, even though more light is actually showing on the screen than when the set was
6. Suppose a bipolar cell receives excitatory input from medium-wavelength cones and inhibitory input from all three kinds of cones. When it is highly excited, what color would one seepg109 When it
5. If you found a species with a high ratio of cones to rods in its retina, what would you predict about its way of lifepg109
4. You sometimes find that you can see a faint star on a dark night better if you look slightly to the side of the star instead of straight at it. Whypg109
3. What makes the blind spot of the retina blindpg109
2. If it were possible to flip your entire brain upside down, without breaking any of the connections to sense organs or muscles, what would happen to your perceptions of what you see, hear, and so
1. If someone electrically stimulated the auditory receptors in your ear, what would you perceivepg109
29. Suppose someone has suffered a spinal cord injury that interrupts all sensation from the left arm. Now he or she uses only the right arm. Of the following, which is the most promising therapy:
27. Many people with schizophrenia take drugs that block dopamine synapses. After prolonged use, the side effects include frequent involuntary movements. What is one possible explanationpg109
26. Is denervation supersensitivity a change in axons or dendritic receptorspg109
25. Is collateral sprouting a change in axons or dendritic receptorspg109
24. After someone has had a stroke, would it be best (if possible) to direct stimulant drugs to the cells that were damaged or somewhere elsepg109
23. If one of your relatives has a stroke and a well-meaning person offers a blanket, what should you dopg109
22. Why is tPA not helpful in cases of hemorrhagepg109
21. What are the two kinds of stroke, and what causes each kindpg109
20. What is one way in which older adults compensate for less efficient brain functioningpg109
19. When people claim that adolescents make risky decisions because of a lack of inhibition, which brain area do they point to as being responsible for inhibitionpg109
18. Under what circumstances are adolescents most likely to make an impulsive decisionpg109
17. What procedure is most promising for treating musician’s cramppg109
16. What change in the brain is responsible for musician’s cramppg109
14. Under what circumstance would the occipital cortex of a sighted adult become responsive to touchpg109
12. An enriched environment promotes growth of axons and dendrites. What is known to be one important reason for this effectpg109
11. In the ferret study, how did the experimenters determine that visual input to the auditory portions of the brain actually produced a visual sensationpg109
10. Anesthetic drugs increase inhibition of neurons, blocking most action potentials. Why would we predict that exposure to anesthetics might be dangerous to the brain of a fetuspg109
9. At what age does a person have the greatest number of neurons—before birth, during childhood, during adolescence, or during adulthoodpg109
8. What class of chemicals prevents apoptosispg109
7. What process ensures that the spinal cord has the right number of axons to innervate all the muscle cellspg109
6. If axons from the retina were prevented from showing spontaneous activity during early development, what would be the probable effect on development of the lateral geniculatepg109
5. If all cells in an amphibian’s tectum produced the same amount of TOPDV, what would be the effect on the attachment of axonspg109
4. What was Sperry’s evidence that axons grow to a specific target instead of attaching at randompg109
3. What evidence indicated that new neurons seldom or never form in the adult cerebral cortexpg109
2. In which brain areas do new neurons form in adultspg109
1. Which develops first, a neuron’s axon or its dendritespg109
24. In which way do men and women differ most—intellectual performance, total gray matter, or total white matterpg109
23. Why do recent studies show a stronger relationship between brain size and IQ than older studies didpg109
22. Why are both brain size and brain-to-body ratio unsatisfactory ways of estimating animal intelligencepg109
20. Suppose someone demonstrates that a particular brain area becomes active when people are listening to music.When that area becomes active later, what, if anything, can we concludepg109
19. What does fMRI measurepg109
18. Why does electrical or magnetic stimulation of the brain seldom produce complex, meaningful sensations or movementspg109
17. How do the effects of brief, mild magnetic stimulation differ from those of longer, more intense stimulationpg109
16. What is the difference between a lesion and an ablationpg109
4. Correlate brain anatomy with behavior. Do people with some unusual behavior also have unusual brainspg109 If so, in what waypg109
3. Record brain activity during behavior. We might record changes in brain activity during fighting, sleeping, finding food, solving a problem, or any other behavior.
2. Examine the effects of stimulating a brain area. Ideally, if damaging some area impairs a behavior, stimulating that area should enhance the behavior.
1. Examine the effects of brain damage. After damage or temporary inactivation, what aspects of behavior are impairedpg109
15. What is meant by the binding problem, and what is necessary for binding to occurpg109
14. What are the functions of the prefrontal cortexpg109

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