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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

1. Examine the effects of brain damage. After damage or temporary inactivation, what aspects of behavior are impairedpg105
15. What is meant by the binding problem, and what is necessary for binding to occurpg105
14. What are the functions of the prefrontal cortexpg105
13. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary motor cortexpg105
12. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary visual cortexpg105
11. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary somatosensory cortexpg105
10. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary auditory cortexpg105
8. Which area is the main source of input to the cerebral cortexpg105The drug phenylephrine is sometimes prescribed for people suffering from a sudden loss of blood pressure or other medical
7. Of the following, which are in the hindbrain, which in the midbrain, and which in the forebrain: basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, medulla, pituitary gland, pons, substantia
6. Which functions are controlled by the sympathetic nervous systempg105 Which are controlled by the parasympathetic nervous systempg105
5. Sensory nerves enter which side of the spinal cord, dorsal or ventralpg105
2. What term means toward the side, away from the midline, and what is its oppositepg105
1. What does dorsal mean, and what is its oppositepg105
2. The research on sensitization of the nucleus accumbens has dealt with addictive drugs, mainly cocaine.Would you expect a gambling addiction to have similar effectspg105 How could someone test this
1. People who take methylphenidate (Ritalin) for control of attention-deficit disorder often report that, although the drug increases their arousal for a while, they feel a decrease in alertness and
31. How does Antabuse workpg105
30. Who would be likely to drink more alcohol—someone who metabolizes acetaldehyde to acetic acid rapidly or one who metabolizes it slowlypg105
29. When addiction develops, how does the nucleus accumbens change its response to the addictive activity and to other reinforcementspg105
28. Someone who is quitting an addictive substance for the first time is strongly counseled not to try it again. Whypg105
26. Name at least two ways a gene could influence alcoholism.
25. Which type of alcoholism—Type I or Type II—has a stronger genetic basispg105 Which type has earlier onsetpg105
24. If incoming serotonin axons were destroyed, LSD would still have its full effects. However, if incoming dopamine axons were destroyed, amphetamine and cocaine would lose their effects. Explain
23. What are the effects of cannabinoids on neuronspg105
22. How do opiates influence dopamine synapsespg105
20. Why is methylphenidate generally less disruptive to behavior than cocaine is despite the drugs’ similar mechanismspg105
19. How do amphetamine and cocaine influence dopamine synapsespg105
21. How does nicotine affect dopamine synapsespg105
18. What do drug use, sex, gambling, and video game playing have in commonpg105
17. Is a drug with high affinity and low efficacy an agonist or an antagonistpg105
16. What happens to serotonin and catecholamine molecules after they stimulate a postsynaptic receptorpg105
15. What happens to acetylcholine molecules after they stimulate a postsynaptic receptorpg105
14. In what way is a neuropeptide intermediate between other neurotransmitters and hormonespg105
13. Which part of the pituitary—anterior or posterior—is neural tissue, similar to the hypothalamuspg105 Which part is glandular tissue and produces hormones that control the secretions by other
12. How are neuropeptides special compared to other transmitterspg105
11. What are second messengers, and which type of synapse relies on thempg105
10. How do ionotropic and metabotropic synapses differ in speed and duration of effectspg105
9. When the action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, which ion must enter the presynaptic terminal to evoke release of the neurotransmitterpg105
8. Name the three catecholamine neurotransmitters.
7. What does a highly active brain area do to increase its blood supplypg105
6. What was Loewi’s evidence that neurotransmission depends on the release of chemicalspg105
4. Figure 3.11 shows synaptic connections to produce a cell that responds to “A and B if not C.” Construct a wiring diagram so that a cell responds to “A or B if not C.” This is much trickier
2. A pinch on an animal’s right hind foot excites a sensory neuron that excites an interneuron that excites the motor neurons to the flexor muscles of that leg. The interneuron also inhibits the
1. When Sherrington measured the reaction time of a reflex (i.e., the delay between stimulus and response), he found that the response occurred faster after a strong stimulus than after a weak one.
5. Can an inhibitory message flow along an axonpg105
4. What ion gates in the membrane open during an EPSPpg105 What gates open during an IPSPpg105
3. What was Sherrington’s evidence for inhibition in the nervous systempg105
2. What is the difference between temporal summation and spatial summationpg105
3. If a drug partly blocks a membrane’s potassium channels, how does it affect the action potentialpg105
2. In the laboratory, researchers can apply an electrical stimulus at any point along the axon, making action potentials travel in both directions from the point of stimulation. An action potential
1. Suppose the threshold of a neuron were the same as its resting potential. What would happenpg105 At what frequency would the cell produce action potentialspg105
17. In a myelinated axon, how would the action potential be affected if the nodes were much closer togetherpg105 How might it be affected if the nodes were much farther apartpg105
16. Suppose researchers find that axon A can produce up to 1,000 action potentials per second (at least briefly, with maximum stimulation), but axon B can never produce more than 100 per second
15. Does the all-or-none law apply to dendritespg105 Why or why notpg105
14. State the all-or-none law.
13. As the membrane reaches the peak of the action potential, what brings the membrane down to the original resting potentialpg105
12. During the rise of the action potential, do sodium ions move into the cell or out of itpg105 Whypg105
11. What is the relationship between the threshold and an action potentialpg105
10. What is the difference between a hyperpolarization and a depolarizationpg105
9. When the membrane is at rest, what tends to drive the potassium ions out of the cellpg105 What tends to draw them into the cellpg105
8. When the membrane is at rest, are the sodium ions more concentrated inside the cell or outsidepg105 Where are the potassium ions more concentratedpg105
4. Which kind of glia cell wraps around the synaptic terminals of axonspg105
3. Identify the four major structures that compose a neuron.
2. Which animal species would have the longest axonspg105
1. What are the widely branching structures of a neuron calledpg105 And what is the long thin structure that carries information to another cell calledpg105
14. How does the “minimalist” position differ from the “abolitionist”positionpg105
12. What are two plausible ways for possible altruistic genes to spread in a populationpg105
11. Many people believe the human appendix is useless. Will it become smaller and smaller with each generationpg105
10. What example illustrates the point that even if some characteristic is highly heritable, a change in the environment can alter itpg105
9. Suppose someone determines the heritability of IQ scores for a given population. Then society changes in a way that provides the best possible opportunity for everyone within that population. Will
8. What are the main types of evidence to estimate the heritability of some behaviorpg105
7. How does adding a methyl or acetyl group to a histone protein alter gene activitypg105
6. How does an epigenetic change differ from a mutationpg105
5. Suppose someone identifies a “gene” for certain aspects of sexual development. In what ways might that statement be misleadingpg105
4. How does a sex-linked gene differ from a sex-limited genepg105
3. Suppose you have high sensitivity to the taste of PTC. If your mother has low sensitivity, what (if anything) can you predict about your father’s taste sensitivitypg105
Suppose you have high sensitivity to tasting PTC. If your mother can also taste it easily, what (if anything) can you predict about your father’s ability to taste itpg105
2. What are the special difficulties of studying the evolution of behavior, given that behavior doesn’t leave fossils (with a few exceptions such as footprints showing an animal’s gait)pg105
1. Is consciousness usefulpg105 That is, what (if anything)can we do because of consciousness that we couldn’t do otherwisepg105
How does an evolutionary explanation differ from a functional explanationpg105
4. What evidence do we have that the POA/AH controls body temperature?
1. How does the idea of allostasis differ from homeostasis?
Why would it be harder to deprive someone of just NREM sleep than just REM sleep?
18. What kinds of individuals get more REM sleep than others?(Think in terms of age, species, and long versus short sleepers.)
16. What might one predict about the sleep of fish that live deep in the ocean?
15. What kind of animal tends to get more than the average amount of sleep?
14. What is the relationship between orexin and narcolepsy?
13. What kinds of people are most likely to develop sleep apnea?
11. What would happen to the sleep–wake schedule of someone who took a drug that blocked GABA?12. Someone who has just awakened sometimes speaks in a loose, unconnected, illogical way. How could
9. Why do most antihistamines make people drowsy?10. What would happen to the sleep–wake schedule of someone who lacked orexin?
8. During which part of a night’s sleep is REM most common?
6. What do long, slow waves on an EEG indicate?
4. How does light reset the biological clock?
2. Neurologists assert that if people lived long enough, sooner or later everyone would develop Parkinson’s disease. Why?
23. What are some possible treatments for Parkinson’s disease other than L-dopa?
22. In what ways is L-dopa treatment disappointing?
21. How does L-dopa relieve the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
20. How does MPTP exposure influence the likelihood of Parkinson’s disease? What are the effects of cigarette smoking?
19. Do monozygotic twins resemble each other more than dizygotic twins do for early-onset Parkinson’s disease? For late-onset? What conclusion do these results imply?
17. Why does damage to the basal ganglia lead to involuntary movements?
18. What kind of learning depends most heavily on the basal ganglia?

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