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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

9. If you learn a skill (e.g., predicting the weather) as a procedural habit, instead of learning the same skill as a declarative memory, how will the outcome differ?
8. According to the context hypothesis, why does hippocampal damage impair episodic memory?
7. Suppose a rat is in a radial maze in which six arms have food once per day, and two other arms never have food.What kind of mistake does a rat with hippocampal damage make?
6. Which types of memory are least impaired in people with amnesia?
5. What is the difference between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?
4. What is the primary brain location for working memory, and what is one hypothesis for how it stores temporary information?
3. How do epinephrine and cortisol enhance memory storage?
23. What evidence indicates that a smaller than average hippocampus makes people more vulnerable to PTSD?
22. How do the cortisol levels of PTSD victims compare to those of other people?
21. How does prolonged stress damage the hippocampus?
20. How do the effects of prolonged stress mimic the effects of illness?
19. What behavioral changes do cytokines stimulate?
18. What kind of cell releases cytokines?
17. Why is extinction more effective a few minutes after a brief reminder of the original learning?
15. Why do people with amygdala damage have trouble recognizing expressions of fear?
12. How could a researcher use the startle reflex to determine whether some stimulus causes fear?
11. What brain mechanism enables the startle reflex to be so fast?
10. What change in diet can alter the production of serotonin?
8. If we want to know how much serotonin the brain has been releasing, what should we measure?9. Given that monkeys with low serotonin turnover pick many fights and in most cases die young, what
7. How does testosterone influence emotional and cognitive responses to a facial expression of anger?
4. What are the contributions of the right hemisphere to emotional behaviors and interpreting other people’s emotions?
3. The insula is important for which kind of emotion, and which kind of sensation?
20. How might stress to a pregnant rat alter the sexual orientation of her male offspring?
19. By what route might having an older brother increase the probability of male homosexuality?
18. It seems difficult to explain how a gene could remain at a moderately high frequency in the population if most men with the gene do not reproduce. How would the hypothesis about inactivation by a
17. For which kind of twin pair is the concordance for sexual orientation greatest?
16. When “girls” reached puberty and grew a penis and scrotum, what happened to their gender identity?
14. If a genetic female is exposed to extra testosterone during prenatal development, what behavioral effect is likely?
15. What would cause a genetic male (XY) to develop a partly feminized external anatomy?
13. What is a common cause for a genetic female (XX) to develop a partly masculinized anatomy?
3. Antipsychotic drugs, such as haloperidol and chlorpromazine, block activity at dopamine synapses. What side effects might they have on sexual behavior?
2. The presence or absence of testosterone determines whether a mammal will differentiate as a male or a female. In birds, the story is the opposite: The presence or absence of estrogen is critical
1. The pill RU-486 produces abortions by blocking the effects of progesterone. Why would blocking progesterone interfere with pregnancy?
10. What behavioral change occurs after orgasm, and which hormone is responsible?
9. At what time in a woman’s menstrual cycle do
8. What is the explanation for why married men tend to have lower testosterone levels than single men of the same age?
7. By what mechanism do testosterone and estradiol affect the hypothalamic areas responsible for sexual behavior?
2. How do sex hormones affect neurons?
1. What does the SRY gene do?
24. What evidence from rats suggests that bulimia resembles an addiction?
23. Researchers have found that people with bulimia nervosa have elevated ghrelin levels. Why are those levels probably not the cause of bulimia?
21. Why did the Pima begin gaining weight in the mid-1900s?
19. In what ways does the lateral hypothalamus facilitate feeding?
18. Which neuropeptide from the arcuate nucleus to the paraventricular nucleus is most important for satiety?
17. Name three hormones that increase satiety and one that increases hunger.
15. What would happen to someone’s appetite if insulin levels and glucagon levels were both high?
14. Why do people with very low insulin levels eat so much?Why do people with constantly high levels eat so much?
13. What are two mechanisms by which CCK increases satiety?
11. What evidence indicates that taste is not sufficient for satiety?
12. What is the evidence that stomach distension is sufficient for satiety?
10. What genetic difference is most important for variants in the likelihood of drinking milk in adulthood?
3. Many women crave salt during pregnancy. Why?
9. Who would drink more pure water—someone wit
1. The operational defi nition of consciousness applies only to people willing and able to report that they are conscious of some events and not others. Research using this defi nition has determined
23. What are several procedures that increase attention to the left side in a person with spatial neglect?
22. What is the evidence that spatial neglect is a problem in attention, not just sensation?
21. In what way does the phi phenomenon imply that a new stimulus sometimes changes consciousness of what went before it?
20. If someone is aware of the stimulus on the right in a case of binocular rivalry, what evidence indicates that the brain is also processing the stimulus on the left?
19. How could someone use fMRI to determine which of two patterns in binocular rivalry is conscious at a given moment?
18. In this experiment, how did the brain’s responses diff er to the conscious and unconscious stimuli?
17. In the experiment by Dehaene et al., how were the conscious and unconscious stimuli similar? How were they diff erent?
2. In a syndrome called word blindness, a person loses the ability to read (even single letters), although the person can still see and speak. What is a possible neurological explanation? Th at is,
1. Most people with Broca’s aphasia suff er from partial paralysis on the right side of the body. Most people with Wernicke’s aphasia do not. Why?
16. What usually gives the most problems to a person with dyslexia—vision, hearing, or connecting vision to hearing?
15. In what way do musical compositions vary depending on the language spoken by the composer?
14. Describe the speech comprehension of people with Broca’s aphasia and those with Wernicke’s aphasia.
13. Describe the speech production of people with Broca’s aphasia and those with Wernicke’s aphasia.
12. Is it reasonable to conclude that Broca’s patients have lost their grammar?
11. What is the strongest evidence in favor of a sensitive period for language learning?
10. What is the poverty of the stimulus argument, and what is one observation against it?
9. Describe tasks that people with Williams syndrome do poorly and those that they do well
8. What evidence argues against the hypothesis that language evolution depended simply on the overall evolution of brain and intelligence?
7. What are three likely explanations for why bonobos made more language progress than common chimpanzees?
1. When a person born without a corpus callosum moves the fi ngers of one hand, he or she also is likely to move the fi ngers of the other hand involuntarily. What possible explanation can you
6. A child born without a corpus callosum can name something felt with the left hand, but an adult who suff ered damage to the corpus callosum cannot. What are two likely explanations?
5. Which hemisphere is dominant for each of the following in most people: speech, emotional infl ection of speech, interpreting other people’s emotional expressions, spatial relationships,
4. After a split-brain person sees something in the left visual fi eld, how can he or she describe or identify the object?
3. Can a split-brain person name an object after feeling it with the left hand? With the right hand? Explain.
2. In humans, light from the right visual fi eld shines on the _____ half of each retina, which sends its axons to the _____ hemisphere of the brain.
1. The left hemisphere of the brain is connected to the right eye in guinea pigs. In humans, the left hemisphere is connected to the left half of each retina. Explain the reason for this species diff
1. If a synapse has already developed LTP once, should it be easier or more diffi cult to get it to develop LTP again? Why?
17. After the neuron has gone through LTP: What is now the eff ect of glutamate at the AMPA receptors? At the NMDA receptors?
16. During the formation of LTP: When a burst of intense stimulation releases much more glutamate than usual at two or more incoming axons, what is the eff ect of the glutamate at the AMPA receptors?
15. Before LTP: In the normal state, what is the eff ect of glutamate at the AMPA receptors? At the NMDA receptors?
14. When serotonin blocks potassium channels on the presynaptic terminal, what is the eff ect on transmission?
13. How can a Hebbian synapse account for the basic phenomena of classical conditioning?
1. Lashley sought to fi nd the engram, the physiological representation of learning. In general terms, how would you recognize an engram if you saw one? Th at is, what would someone have to
12. Which brain area records the expected gains and losses associated with possible actions?
11. What is amyloid- and how does it relate to Alzheimer’s disease?
10. On what kind of question is someone with Korsakoff ’s syndrome most likely to confabulate?
9. How do epinephrine and cortisol enhance memory storage?
8. According to the context hypothesis, why does hippocampal damage impair episodic memory?
7. Suppose a rat is in a radial maze in which six arms have food once per day, and two other arms never have food. What kind of mistake does a rat with hippocampal damage make?
6. If you learn a skill (e.g., predicting the weather) as a declarative memory, instead of learning the same skill as a procedural habit, how will the outcome diff er?
5. Which types of memory are least impaired in H. M.?
4. What is the diff erence between anterograde and retrograde amnesia?
3. What is the primary brain location for working memory, and what is one hypothesis for how it stores temporary information?
2. What evidence indicates that the red nucleus is necessary for performance of a conditioned response but not for learning the response?
1. Thompson found a localized engram, whereas Lashley did not. What key diff erences in procedures or assumptions were probably responsible for their diff erent results?
1. If someone were unable to produce cytokines, what would be the consequences?

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