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social science
positive psychology
Questions and Answers of
Positive Psychology
What are some things you could do to become a better listener?
Why are active listening and empathy such important skills for a sport psychologist to develop in working with coaches and athletes?
The volleyball team at Nike University has a tendency to clam up when the going gets tough (i.e., communication breaks down; the team loses its intensity, enthusiasm, and focus in critical situations
As a coach or sport psychologist, what would you do to intervene if interpersonal conflict arose among team members that resulted in disruption of group cohesion and team harmony?
As a sport psychologist, what are some things you would do to improve coach–athlete communications?
Give some behavioral examples of verbal and nonverbal communication in sport.
What factors interfere with effective communication processes in sport?
Why is communication an important tool for a coach and sport psychologist to possess?
Give at least one example (using a sport of your choice) of a strategy that a coach or sport psychologist could employ to enhance group cohesiveness using each of the following factors: (a)
Four team factors related to cohesion are roles, norms, group processes, and performance outcome. Distinguish among each of these factors and describe how the factors might be manipulated or modified
Describe the environmental, personal, and leadership factors that contribute to the development of cohesiveness.
Discuss the relationship of team size to group cohesiveness.
List the four factors that contribute to cohesiveness and give one specific example of each.
Define cohesiveness. What are the four specific facets of cohesion?
Briefly describe the six characteristics of sport groups.
What are key elements of leading others effectively?
What are the keys to effective self-leadership?
What is the transformational leadership theory? List the four key tenants.
How could you partner with coaches, student-athletes, or a sport psychologist to strengthen the leadership within a team? Provide a specific example.
Why is it important for coaches and athletes to partner in executing team leadership?
How are early leadership approaches different from more modern approaches?
Why are integrated approaches to leadership development applicable in sport?
Explain how a mastery-oriented team climate differs from a performance-oriented one.
Define the terms entity theorist and incremental theorist. Explain why coaches who adhere to an entity theorist perspective of athletic ability might be more apt to be Pygmalion prone in their
Describe the stereotypes in the sport setting associated with ethnicity. Explain how such stereotypes may affect selected groups of athletes.
Explain why early-maturing girls may be at greater risk for negative expectancy effects once they reach puberty.
Explain what the term late-maturing child means, and then explain why late-maturing boys may be at an especially high risk for negative expectancy effects.
Do all coaches show expectancy-biased behavior? Explain what is meant by the term Pygmalion-prone coach.
A coach’s initial expectations for an individual athlete can vary along two dimensions(accuracy and flexibility). Briefly describe the consequences of the four possible combinations.
What sources of information might coaches use to form initial expectations for individual athletes on their team?
Identify and briefly describe the four steps in the expectation–performance process.
What are ways in which we can make a sport environment more autonomy supportive and less controlling?
Describe the process by which external rewards can influence the intrinsic motivation of athletes.
What do we mean when we say that an athlete is intrinsically motivated in contrast to extrinsically motivated?
Illustrate how being primarily oriented to ego goals can set the stage for performance impairment and motivational difficulties.
Define and give an example of a task (or mastery) approach and task avoidance goal focus.
What are the distinctions between and consequences of being more ego-approach or ego-avoidance goal oriented?
How do task- and ego-involved athletes differ in the way they judge their competence and perceive success in sport?
What is the difference between the quantity and quality of motivation among athletes?
What are the behavioral characteristics that reflect whether an athlete’s motivation is high or low?
What are some of the key principles in implementing a performance feedback program?How are these related to the positive approach to coaching?
What are the effects of performance feedback on task performance, and what are the mechanisms whereby feedback is assumed to motivate behavior? What is the instructional value of feedback?
How would you use positive reinforcement to create (a) a task-oriented motivational climate and (b) an ego-oriented motivational climate?
Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Under what conditions can intrinsic motivation be undermined by positive reinforcement, and what can be done to reduce this danger?
How can the positive approach be used to reduce disciplinary problems?
What is the importance of reinforcing effort rather than focusing entirely on outcome?
Summarize the schedules of reinforcement described in the text, as well as their effects on performance.
What are reinforcement contingencies, and how are they applied in shaping?
What are the direct effects and undesirable side effects of punishment? Distinguish between aversive punishment and response cost. How can we explain the fact that highly punitive coaches are
Define positive reinforcement and contrast it with punishment in terms of its effects on behavior and the motivational factors that underlie its effectiveness.
Differentiate between negative reinforcement and punishment.
Define the four basic consequences created by the presentation or removal of positive or aversive stimuli, and explain their effects on behavior.
What are the ABCs of behavior control within an operant conditioning analysis of behavior?
In what ways can coaching be viewed as attempts to influence behavior?
What variables can be manipulated to prompt the emergence of improved techniques and/or tactics by capitalizing on the process of guided discovery?
What changes should take place in the frequency of feedback given as a learner progresses from the cognitive to the associative stage of learning? Fully explain the reasons for these changes and
Give an example of how a coach could use variable practice to teach several variations of a skill.
How could one use blocked practice to teach several skills? Random practice? Which would be more effective and why?
What general guidelines should a coach consider in deciding to use the whole method versus the part method of practice?
Describe how a coach should proceed to change a highly skilled athlete’s well-learned technique.
Explain why the coach’s role as motivator is so important during the autonomous phase of learning.
What are the effects of asking highly skilled performers to consciously attend to their movements?
How is proprioception, or “feel,” important in motor performance?
Briefly describe Fitts and Posner’s three phases of motor skill learning.
Define the term motor learning and explain why learning must remain an inference based on performance.
Describe some of the traditional and nontraditional job opportunities that sport psychology professionals might pursue.
What relationship does sport psychology have to the call for psychologists to put more emphasis on positive psychology?
What are some of the concerns and questions that sport psychologists must address in the future?
What progress has been made on the professional issues identified in this chapter?
If you conducted a really good study that might be publishable or given as a talk, what journals and organizations would you want to check out?
Contrast the development of sport psychology in Eastern Europe to that in North America.
Briefly describe the development of sport psychology in North America.
How are sport psychologists trained and what do they do?
Define what is meant by applied sport psychology and when it might be used.
2. Why might it be diffi cult to fi nd eff ective drugs for someone who suff ers from both depression and schizophrenia?
1. How might denervation supersensitivity (discussed in Chapter 5) help explain tardive dyskinesia?
18. How fast do antipsychotic drugs aff ect dopamine synapses?How fast do they alter behavior?
17. If schizophrenia is due to abnormal brain development, why do behavioral symptoms not become apparent until later in life?
16. What does the season-of-birth eff ect suggest about a possible cause of schizophrenia?
15. Does the hypothesis of new mutations confl ict with the results showing that an aberrant form of the gene DISC1 is often linked to schizophrenia?
13. Has the reported prevalence of schizophrenia been increasing, decreasing, or staying the same?
12. Why are hallucinations considered a positive symptom?
11. What are the advantages of bright light treatment compared to antidepressant drugs?
10. What are two common treatments for bipolar disorder?
8. For what kinds of patients is ECT recommended?
7. In what way does the time course of antidepressants pose a theoretical problem for understanding their mechanism?
5. What are the eff ects of MAOIs?
4. What are the eff ects of SSRIs?
3. What are the eff ects of tricyclic drugs?
1. What is the relationship between depression and the gene controlling the serotonin transporter protein?
Effective managers often exhibit only task leadership.only social leadership.both task and social leadership, depending on the situation and the person.task leadership for building teams and social
Research indicates that women are often social leaders. They are also more likely than men to have a ______ leadership style.
What type of goals will best help you stay focused and motivated to do your finest work in this class?
______ psychologists study job seeking, and the recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development of employees; ______ ______ psychologists focus on how people and machines
What are the key fields and subfields related to industrial-organizational psychology?
People who view their work as a calling often experience _______, a focused state of consciousness, with lowered awareness of themselves and of time.stress apathy flow facilitation
When sample averages are _______ and the difference between them is _______, we can say the difference has statistical significance.reliable; large reliable; small due to chance; large due to chance;
In _______-_______ studies, a characteristic is assessed across different age groups at the same time.
What is regression toward the mean, and how can it influence our interpretation of events?
A _______ provides a visual representation of the direction and the strength of a relationship between two variables.
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