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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

The cells in the visual cortex that respond to certain lines, edges, and angles are called.
What mental processes allow you to perceive a lemon as yellow?
Two theories together account for color vision. The Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory shows that the eye contains , and Hering’s theory accounts for the nervous system’s having .a. opposing
Cones are the eye’s receptor cells that are especially sensitive to light and are responsible for our vision.a. bright; black-and-whiteb. dim; colorc. bright; colord. dim; black-and-white
The blind spot in your retina is located wherea. there are rods but no cones.b. there are cones but no rods.c. the optic nerve leaves the eye.d. the bipolar cells meet the ganglion cells.
The amplitude of a light wave determines our perception of .a. brightness.b. color.c. meaning.d. distance.
The characteristic of light that determines the color we experience, such as blue or green, is.
Our perceptual set influences what we perceive. This mental tendency reflects oura. experiences, assumptions, and expectations.b. sensory adaptation.c. priming ability.d. difference thresholds.
Sensory adaptation helps us focus ona. visual stimuli.b. auditory stimuli.c. constant features of the environment.d. important changes in the environment.
Weber’s law states that for a difference to be perceived, two stimuli must differ bya. a fixed or constant energy amount.b. a constant minimum percentage.c. a constantly changing amount.d. more
Another term for difference threshold is the .
Subliminal stimuli area. too weak to be processed by the brain.b. consciously perceived more than 50 percent of the time.c. always strong enough to affect our behavior at least 75 percent of the
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information is called.
Sensation is to as perception is to .a. absolute threshold; difference thresholdb. bottom-up processing; top-down processingc. interpretation; detectiond. grouping; priming
How do evolutionary psychologists use the principle of natural selection to explain differences in mating preferences in men and women?
Which factors have researchers so far found to be unrelated to the development of our sexual orientation?
An example of an external stimulus that might influence sexual behavior isa. the level of testosterone in the bloodstream.b. the onset of puberty.c. a sexually explicit film.d. an erotic fantasy or
Using condoms during sex (does/doesn’t) reduce the risk of getting HIV and (does/doesn’t) fully protect against skin-to-skin STIs.
In describing the sexual response cycle, Masters and Johnson noted thata. a plateau phase follows orgasm.b. people experience a refractory period during which they cannot experience orgasm.c. the
A striking effect of hormonal changes on human sexual behavior is thea. end of sexual desire in men over 60.b. sharp rise in sexual interest at puberty.c. decrease in women’s sexual desire at the
Our sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination of male and female is known as our .
Gender role refers to oura. sense of being male, female, neither, or some combination of male and female.b. culture’s expectations about the “right” way for males and females to behave.c.
A person born with a combination of male and female biological sexual characteristics is.
On average, girls begin puberty at about the age of , boys at about the age of.
Primary sex characteristics relate to ; secondary sex characteristics refer to.a. spermarche; menarcheb. breasts and facial hair; ovaries and testesc. emotional maturity; hormone surgesd.
A fertilized egg will develop into a male if it receives a/n chromosome from its father.
Females and males are very similar, but one way they differ is thata. females are more physically aggressive than males.b. males are more democratic than females in their leadership roles.c. as
In psychology, is the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male, female, and intersex. The behavioral characteristics that people associate with boy, girl, man, and woman is
Contrary to what many people assume,a. older people are significantly less happy than adolescents are.b. people become less happy as they move from their teen years into midlife.c. positive feelings
Freud defined the healthy adult as one who is able to love and work. Erikson agreed, observing that the adult struggles to attain intimacy and .
By age 65, a person would be most likely to experience a cognitive decline in the ability toa. recall and list all the important terms and concepts in a chapter.b. select the correct definition in a
Some developmental psychologists refer to the period that occurs in some Western cultures from age 18 to the mid-twenties as .
In Erikson’s stages, the primary task during adolescence isa. attaining formal operations.b. forging an identity.c. developing a sense of intimacy with another person.d. living independent of
According to Piaget, a person who can think logically about abstractions is in the stage.
Adolescence is marked by the onset ofa. an identity crisis.b. puberty.c. separation anxiety.d. parent-child conflict.
From the very first weeks of life, infants differ in their characteristic emotional reactions, with some infants being intense and anxious, while others are easygoing and relaxed. These differences
In a series of experiments, the Harlows found that monkeys raised with artificial mothers tended, when afraid, to cling to their cloth mother rather than to a wire mother holding the feeding bottle.
An 8-month-old infant who reacts to a new babysitter by crying and clinging to his father’s shoulder is showing .
Although Piaget’s stage theory continues to inform our understanding of children’s thinking, many researchers believe thata. Piaget’s stages begin earlier and development is more continuous
Use Piaget’s first three stages of cognitive development to explain why young children are not just miniature adults in the way they think.
Why can’t people consciously recall learning to walk?
Which of the following is true of motor-skill development?a. It is determined solely by genetic factors.b. The sequence, but not the timing, is universal.c. The timing, but not the sequence, is
Between ages 3 and 6, the human brain experiences the greatest growth in the lobes, which enable reasoning and planning.
Adoption studies seek to understand genetic influences on personality. They do this mainly bya. comparing adopted children with nonadopted children.b. evaluating whether adopted children’s
twins share the same DNA.
Fraternal twins result whena. a single egg is fertilized by a single sperm and then splits.b. a single egg is fertilized by two sperm and then splits.c. two eggs are fertilized by two sperm.d. two
Stroke a newborn’s cheek and the infant will root for a nipple. This illustratesa. a reflex.b. nurture.c. a preference.d. continuity.
Chemicals that the placenta isn’t able to screen out that may harm an embryo or fetus are called .
Body organs first begin to form and function during the period of the ;within 6 months, during the period of the , the organs are sufficiently functional to provide a good chance of surviving and
Epigenetics is the study of the molecular ways by which trigger or block genetic expression.
A small segment of DNA is called a .
The threadlike structures made largely of DNA molecules are called .
Although development is lifelong, there is stability of personality over time. For example,a. most personality traits emerge in infancy and persist throughout life.b. temperament tends to remain
The three major issues that interest developmental psychologists are nature/nurture, stability/change, and / .
How do cross-sectional and longitudinal studies differ?
The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation is referred to as
Which dream theory best explains why we often dream of daily things we’ve seen or done?
In interpreting dreams, Freud was most interested in theira. information-processing function.b. physiological function.c. manifest content, or story line.d. latent content, or hidden meaning.
What is the difference between narcolepsy and sleep apnea?
Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons that have been proposed to explain why we need sleep?a. Sleep has survival value.b. Sleep helps us recuperate.c. Sleep rests the eyes.d. Sleep plays a
As the night progresses, what happens to the REM (R) stage of sleep?
The brain emits large, slow delta waves during sleep.
During the NREM-1 (N1) sleep stage, a person is most likely to experiencea. deep sleep.b. hallucinations.c. night terrors or nightmares.d. rapid eye movements.
Our body temperature tends to rise and fall in sync with a biological clock, which is referred to as .
Inattentional blindness is a product of our attention.
Failure to see visible objects because our attention is occupied elsewhere is called.
Damage to the brain’s right hemisphere is most likely to reduce a person’s ability toa. recite the alphabet rapidly.b. make inferences.c. understand verbal instructions.d. solve arithmetic
Studies of people with split brains and brain scans of those with undivided brains indicate that the left hemisphere excels ina. processing language.b. visual perceptions.c. making inferences.d.
An experimenter flashes the word HERON across the visual field of a man whose corpus callosum has been severed. HER is transmitted to his right hemisphere and ON to his left hemisphere. When asked to
The flexible brain’s ability to respond to damage is especially evident in the brains ofa. split-brain patients.b. young adults.c. young children.d. right-handed people.
Judging and planning are enabled by the lobes.
The “uncommitted” areas that make up about three-fourths of the cerebral cortex are called.
Which of the following body regions has the greatest representation in the somatosensory cortex?a. Upper armb. Toesc. Lipsd. All regions are equally represented.
How do different neural networks communicate with one another to let you respond when a friend greets you at a party?
If a neurosurgeon stimulated your right motor cortex, you would most likelya. see light.b. hear a sound.c. feel a touch on the right arm.d. move your left leg.
The initial reward center discovered by Olds and Milner was located in the .
The neural structure that most directly regulates eating, drinking, and body temperature is thea. endocrine system.b. hypothalamus.c. hippocampus.d. amygdala.
A cat’s ferocious response to electrical brain stimulation would lead you to suppose the electrode had touched the .
Two parts of the limbic system are the amygdala and thea. cerebral hemispheres.b. hippocampus.c. thalamus.d. pituitary.
The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary movement and enables nonverbal learning and memory is the .
The lower brain structure that governs arousal is thea. spinal cord.b. cerebellum.c. reticular formation.d. medulla.
The thalamus functions as aa. memory bank.b. balance center.c. breathing regulator.d. sensory control center.
The part of the brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing is thea. cerebellum.b. medulla.c. cortex.d. thalamus.
The secrete(s) epinephrine and norepinephrine, helping to arouse the body during times of stress.
The most influential endocrine gland, known as the “master gland,” is thea. pituitary.b. hypothalamus.c. thyroid.d. pancreas.
The neurons of the spinal cord are part of the nervous system.
The sympathetic nervous system arouses us for action and the parasympathetic nervous system calms us down. Together, the two systems make up the nervous system.
The autonomic nervous systema. is also referred to as the skeletal nervous system.b. controls the glands and the muscles of our internal organs.c. is a voluntary system under our conscious control.d.
Endorphins are released in the brain in response toa. morphine or heroin.b. pain or vigorous exercise.c. the all-or-none response.d. all of the above.
In a sending neuron, when an action potential reaches an axon terminal, the impulse triggers the release of chemical messengers called .
Regarding a neuron’s response to stimulation, the intensity of the stimulus determinesa. whether or not an impulse is generated.b. how fast an impulse is transmitted.c. how intense an impulse will
The tiny space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite or cell body of another is called thea. axon terminal.b. branching fiber.c. synaptic gap.d. threshold.
The neuron fiber that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles and glands is the .
What do psychologists mean when they say the brain is “plastic”?
In defending their experimental research with animals, psychologists have noted thata. animals’ biology and behavior can tell us much about our own.b. animal experimentation sometimes helps animals
The laboratory environment is designed toa. exactly re-create the events of everyday life.b. re-create psychological forces under controlled conditions.c. re-create psychological forces under random
A researcher wants to know whether noise level affects workers’ blood pressure. In one group, she varies the level of noise in the environment and records participants’ blood pressure. In this
In a double-blind procedure,a. only the participants know whether they are in the control group or the experimental group.b. experimental and control group members will be carefully matched for age,
To test the effect of a new drug on depression, we randomly assign people to control and experimental groups. Those in the control group take a pill that contains no medication.This pill is a .
To explain behaviors and clarify cause and effect, psychologists use .

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