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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

Consider the work of Hebl and her colleagues that showed that people’s social networks are influenced by their friends’ physical appearance. How could you evaluate whether your social networks
Are artists of music genres other than rap, such as country and western or jazz, stereotyped? Explain your reasoning.
Describe some ways in which biased interpretation of behavior and biased memory could influence everyday situations in which interpretations and memory are important, such as eyewitness testimony,
Imagine you are a police officer who has recently learned about the shooter bias. In what ways might it change how you approach a situation where a suspect may or may not have a weapon? Base your
What is a self-fulfilling prophecy? Explain how self-fulfilling prophecies operate.
Describe the models of stereotype change. How is stereotype change affected by dispersed and concentrated disconfirmation?
In your opinion, is the subtyping model a model of stereotype change or stereotype maintenance? Explain your answer.
How might you change a stereotype that serves an ego-defensive function?
What kinds of things can you personally do to prevent stereotypes from affecting the judgments you make about other people?
Choose two of the five Ds of difference. Define each and give examples of experiences you have had in which those two “Ds” affected your thoughts or behavior.
The results of research show that, in some ways, White Americans are less prejudiced than they were prior to World War II, but that, in other ways, prejudice and discrimination continue. What causes
What is implicit prejudice? How does it differ from explicit prejudice? How do implicit prejudices develop?
Theories of contemporary prejudice are based on the assumptions that most White Americans truly believe in the principle of racial equality but that they still hold implicit prejudices to at least
What is modern-symbolic prejudice? How does it differ from old-fashioned prejudice? In what ways is it similar to old-fashioned prejudice?
Describe the five themes that characterize modern-symbolic prejudice.
Describe the psychological bases of modern-symbolic prejudice.
Explain the two meanings that the term “equality” can have.
Describe the effects that modern-symbolic prejudice has on the behavior of people who exhibit that form of prejudice.
Several criticisms have been made of the concept of modern-symbolic prejudice. These include (Tarman & Sears, 2005): (a) Modern-symbolic prejudice is not a new form of prejudice; it is just
What is aversive prejudice? Describe its characteristics. What are its psychological bases?
Describe the effects that aversive prejudice can have on behavior. Under what circumstances do people with aversive prejudice exhibit positive behavior toward members of minority groups and under
Some people say that, because it is natural to feel uncomfortable in an unfamiliar situation, such as when a White person interacts with a member of a minority group, that discomfort does not really
Bridget Dunton and Russell Fazio (1997) have suggested that some people avoid interracial contact to avoid conflicts that their racial attitudes might cause. Ashby Plant and Patricia Devine (1998)
Explain the concept of ambivalent prejudice. What causes ambivalence? What psychological effects does ambivalence have?
What does the term response amplification mean? Under what circumstances does positive amplification occur and under what circumstances does negative amplification occur? How are these circumstances
Some researchers think that response amplification is a conscious choice whereas others think it arises from unconscious processes. Which do you think is true? What are your reasons for taking that
What is benevolent prejudice? Glick and Fiske (2001a) propose that benevolent prejudice has the same net effect of hostile prejudice of restraining its targets’ freedom. Do you agree or disagree?
Glick and Fiske (2001b) have suggested that the positive beliefs that people with ambivalent prejudice hold about members of minority groups and the positive emotions they feel toward them might
Have you observed or experienced instances of benevolent prejudice? If so, describe them.
Describe Gerard Kleinpenning and Louk Hagendoorn’s (1993) continuum of prejudices.
What are the characteristics of unprejudiced people? Why do you think that so little research has been conducted on nonprejudice compared to the vast amount of research on prejudice? Similarly, why
The section on contemporary forms of prejudice provided a number of examples of these prejudices. What other examples can you think of? Which forms of prejudice do your examples represent? Explain
What are values? Describe the value orientations that have been studied in relation to prejudice. How is each related to prejudice? What processes have linked each value orientation to prejudice?
Explain how the perception of value dissimilarity can lead to prejudice. What individual difference variables are related to this process?
Describe the terror management theory explanation for the role played by perceived value dissimilarity in prejudice.
Describe the attribution-value explanation for the role played by perceived value dissimilarity in prejudice. How are perceptions of a group’s naturalness and entitativity related to this process?
Allport (1954) wrote that religion “makes prejudice and it unmakes prejudice” (p. 444). What did he mean by that? What light has subsequent research shed on his statement?
What is meant by proscribed and permitted prejudices? We used racial prejudice as an example of a proscribed prejudice and anti-gay attitudes as an example of a permitted prejudice. What other
Explain the concepts of intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation. In theory, how should each be related to prejudice? What has research shown about how each is related to prejudice?
Debate the following proposition: Intrinsically religious people are no less prejudiced than anyone else; they are just more motivated to give socially desirable responses to questions about
Explain the concept of quest as a religious orientation. How is it related to prejudice?
Describe how each of the three religious orientations is related to proscribed and permitted prejudices.
Frank Bruni (2015) stated that “Religion is going to be the final holdout and most stubborn refuge for homophobia.” Does the research described in this chapter support or refute his claim?
Define religious fundamentalism. How is it related to prejudice? What seem to be its major psychological components? How might each of these components contribute to fundamentalism’s relationship
Allport (1954) wrote that “piety may . . . be a convenient mask for prejudices which . . . have nothing to do with religion” (p. 447). What did he mean?
What are social ideologies? In what ways do right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), social dominance orientation (SDO), and political orientation fit the definition of an ideology? In what ways do they
Explain authoritarianism as conceptualized by Adorno and his colleagues (1950) and by Altemeyer (1981). In what ways are those conceptualizations similar and in what ways do they differ?
Describe the characteristics of people high in RWA that may predispose them to prejudice.
Explain the role authority figures play in shaping the prejudices of people high in RWA.
What is SDO? In what ways is it similar to RWA and in what ways does it differ from RWA?
Describe the characteristics of people high in SDO that may predispose them to prejudice.
Explain the concept of legitimizing myths as it is used in social dominance theory.
Think back to Chapter
Do any of the theories of contemporary prejudice postulate that people use what social dominance theory calls legitimizing myths to justify their prejudices? If so, what are those myths?
Researchers generally find a positive correlation between political conservatism and prejudice. What explanations have been offered to account for that relationship?
Describe the relationship between political liberalism and prejudice.
Debate the following proposition: Political conservatism may be a convenient mask for prejudices that have nothing to do with politics.
What is incidental emotion? Which moods and emotions affect stereotype use? What factors ameliorate the effects of incidental emotions on stereotyping?
Describe the theories that have been proposed to explain the effects of incidental emotion on stereotyping.
What are integral emotions? Describe the models of integral emotions proposed by Cottrell and Neuberg (2005) and by Cuddy and her colleagues (2007). In what ways are these models similar and in what
What implications do the theories of integral emotions have for understanding prejudice?
How are integral emotions related to behavior?
What is genocide? What role do emotions play in motivating genocidal murder?
What role do individual differences in sensitivity to emotion play in the relationship of emotions to stereotyping and prejudice?
What is intergroup anxiety? What causes it? Explain the process by which intergroup anxiety leads to prejudice.
Debate the following proposition: The consequences of intergroup anxiety should not be considered to be prejudice because it is normal for people to feel anxious when they are in new situations, such
What is empathy? Describe how it is related to prejudice.
The chapter opens with an excerpt from an interview with a White research participant. In what ways were your own childhood experiences with prejudice similar to or different from this person’s
Jane Elliott’s brown eyes/blue eyes exercise was first conducted in the late 1960s. Do you think that this exercise would have the same impact on children today? Explain why or why not.
Explain why it is useful for children to categorize people, objects, and events in their environment.
Based on the research literature, provide evidence that infants have implicit awareness of certain social categories.
Explain how the doll technique is used to study children’s explicit awareness of social categories. What have researchers found out about children’s category awareness using this technique?
Describe the differences between implicit and explicit awareness of social categories. Do you think the two are related? Explain why or why not.
Explain the distinction between social categorization and prejudice.
Do you think that there is a distinction between preference and prejudice? Explain why or why not.
Describe the patterns of development of racial attitudes for White and Black children. Are they similar to those of other racial minority groups?
Describe the difference between ingroup favoritism and outgroup prejudice. Why is it important for researchers to be able to separate these attitudes from one another?
What is the relationship between children’s intergroup attitudes and their intergroup behavior?
Describe the origins of gender-based prejudice during toddlerhood.
Explain how gender constancy relates to the development of other-gender prejudice.
What roles do experience, environment, and culture play in the development of gender preferences?
Describe the results of research on genetic influences on prejudice. How important do you think genetic influences are for the development of prejudice relative to cognitive development and social
Describe how cognitive development theories explain the origins of prejudice.
According to social learning theories of prejudice, children can be taught prejudice directly and indirectly. Give one example of direct teaching of prejudice and one example of indirect teaching of
Use Duckitt’s (2001) model to explain how child-rearing practices affect personality and prejudice.
Explain the ways in which the cognitive developmental, social learning, and developmental intergroup theories of prejudice are similar to and differ from one another.
Based on your own experiences, which theory of the development of prejudice makes the most sense to you? Why?
In discussing explicit awareness of social categories, we noted that children develop an understanding of the categories “White” and “Black” earlier than other categories. What processes
How would developmental intergroup theory explain the development of gender prejudice?
What possible explanations are there for the reduction of prejudice found around age 7 or 8? Which explanation do you prefer? Why?
What was the basis for expecting that school desegregation would reduce prejudice? What factors contributed to its short-term success or failure? What long-term effects has it had?
Did you attend a desegregated elementary, middle, or high school? If so, how well did the school environment embody the conditions for effective intergroup contact? What effect did these factors have
What is cooperative learning? Explain why cooperative learning programs should reduce prejudice. How well do they work? What limitations do they have?
Have you ever been involved in a cooperative learning situation? If so, how well did the situation embody the conditions for effective intergroup contact? What effect did these factors have on your
What are multicultural and anti-bias education? What are their goals? How effective are they at reducing prejudice?
How could the principles of the theories of the development of prejudice be used to design programs to reduce prejudice in children?
Describe the processes by which social identity can lead to prejudice on the one hand or to tolerance on the other hand. Illustrate your explanation with examples from your own experience.
Describe the factors that influence the degree of identification one feels with a group.
Explain the factors that influence self-categorization. In what ways is self-categorization similar to and different from the social categorization of others discussed in Chapter 4?
Explain optimal distinctiveness theory. What shortcomings of self-categorization theory does it address?

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