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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

The Discussion section of a report serves several functions. What are they?
Why do we need to include a References section at the end of a report?
Jack is not pleased with this chapter. He says, "If I have to follow all these silly rules for writing a report, I won't have any chance to be creative." Tell him why a standard format for writing
Explain how you would show each of the following in a report:a. The results of a t test with 38 degrees of freedom, where the obtained value of I was 1.38 and the significance level was .20.b. The
The chapter opened with a quote from Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech. What parts of his dream of racial equality have been realized? What parts have not?
The oak tree outside Jena High School, mentioned in the chapter opening, has since been cut down. What effect do you believe the removal of the tree had on race relations in Jena, Louisiana? Why?
We reviewed the ways in which historical events in the United States have influenced the study of stereotyping and prejudice. Think about the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States
If race is not a biological category, why do social distinctions based on race continue to be supported by cultural norms?
Should the U.S. Census ask people to classify themselves by race? What are the advantages and disadvantages of collecting this information? Should the census include a category for transgender in
Describe three ways to make people more aware of their culture and its influence on their behavior. How might this awareness affect their future behavior?
What is group privilege? Do you believe the effects of privilege are stronger for some privileged groups than for others? Why or why not?
Why do you think people respond differently to the idea of group privilege when it is framed as an advantage for some groups compared to when it is framed as a disadvantage for some groups?
Allan Johnson (2006) has suggested that social class influences the extent to which Whites resist giving up their privileged status. If this is true, which social class would you expect to be more
How do social scientists differentiate between stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination?
Prejudice is most commonly viewed as the dominant group’s attitude toward subordinate groups. Can minority groups be prejudiced against the majority? Explain your answer.
Design a study to examine the stereotypic beliefs a minority group holds about the majority group.
Why, in the United States, is prejudice generally assumed to refer to Whites’ prejudice against Blacks? If you are a student outside the United States, what groups define the implicit meaning of
Why has racial prejudice had such an important influence on social science research?
Think about the distinction between interpersonal and cultural discrimination. Can one exist without the other? Why or why not?
How are institutional discrimination and organizational discrimination similar? How are they different?
How does cultural discrimination affect the choice of lead actors for television and movie roles? How does it influence which social groups are cast as heroes and which are cast as villains? Be sure
Distinguish between the psychodynamic, sociocultural, intergroup relations, cognitive, and evolutionary perspectives on prejudice. Which do you think is most correct? Why?
There is relatively little social science research focused on topics such as classism or biases against certain religions. Why do you think this situation exists? What questions do you believe would
What is intersectionality? Why might stereotypes of women from certain racial/ethnic groups differ from stereotypes of men from those groups?
Describe how stereotyping and prejudice are different for different “isms.”
What assumptions do researchers make about persons with disabilities? How might research questions be different if researchers did not make those assumptions? What assumptions do researchers seem to
Why do you believe legislators find it is acceptable not to give lesbians and gay men the protection of anti-discrimination laws?
Outline the steps in the research process.
Explain the relationships among theoretical postulates, hypotheses, and predictions.
Explain the concepts of hypothetical construct and operational definition.
Explain the relationship between the methods used to manipulate and measure variables and the concept of operational definition.
Explain the concepts of reliability and validity of measurement. How are reliability and validity related to one another?
Explain the concepts of convergent and discriminant validity. Why is it important to demonstrate that a measure has both?
Describe the ways in which researchers can use self-reports to assess stereotypes, prejudice, and behavior.
What is social desirability response bias? To what extent is it a problem for each of the four types of measures?
Explain the relative strengths and weaknesses of self-report, unobtrusive, physiological, and implicit cognition measures of prejudice.
Self-report measures assess controllable expressions of prejudice whereas the other measures assess uncontrollable expressions of prejudice. Is this difference a problem or an advantage for research
Choose an aspect of prejudice that interests you. If you were going to conduct a study on that topic, what research strategy would you use and what type (or types) of measure would you use? Explain
Explain the differences among correlation, experimentation, ethnography, and content analysis as ways of collecting data. What strengths and limitations does each entail?
What is the difference between probability sampling and convenience sampling? What is the relationship between the kind of sampling used in a study and the generalizability of the results of the
What does it mean if two variables have a correlation of r = 0.40? What does it mean if two variables have a correlation of r = –0.60? Which of those two correlations represents the stronger
Explain the three criteria for drawing causal conclusions from research data. Based on these criteria, to what extent is it correct to draw causal conclusions from surveys, experiments, ethnographic
In experimental research, what roles do the independent and dependent variables play? What does the term conditions of the independent variable refer to?
Explain the relative strengths and weaknesses of laboratory experiments and field experiments.
Suppose a researcher found that men had higher prejudice scores than women. Would it be correct to conclude that being male causes people to be more prejudiced? Explain your answer.
Some researchers contend that ethnographic research and content analysis are inherently flawed because they require researchers to get too involved with their research topics and, in the case of
What is meta-analysis? How can it contribute to our understanding of prejudice and discrimination?
Describe the factors that affect the ways in which researchers interpret the meaning of their data. Give an example of situation that you know of (perhaps from a previous course) in which different
What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data? For each type of data, explain how researchers decide if the data support their hypotheses.
What does the term “generalizability” mean? Why is the generalizability of research results important?
How are theories in behavioral science related to the applied use of behavioral science knowledge?
Explain why people categorize.
Think about the last four people you saw today that you did not already know. Which of them did you identify using basic social categories? Which of them did you identify using subtypes? What factors
Why might it be important to try to avoid viewing other people in terms of their social categories, especially in “real-world” interactions? Do you think that it is possible to avoid
Sometimes it is difficult to determine a person’s gender by his or her physical appearance. Based on what you know about categorization, what do you think people do in this situation?
Read again the War of the Ghosts story in Box 3.1. Based on your cultural background, what details of the story would you likely remember best one year later? What details might you change?
Read again about the experiences of the multi-racial women described in Box 3.2. Why do you think people find it necessary to know a person’s ethnic background when they are first getting
Describe the facial characteristics that would likely make categorization of Asian Americans faster. What facial characteristics would likely make categorization of older adults faster?
Describe the minimal group paradigm.
What is the outgroup homogeneity effect and what causes it?
Describe the ultimate attribution error.
Use the social role theory perspective to describe how stereotypes about Blacks and Whites develop.
What are illusory correlations? How are they formed and why do they lead to stereotyping?
Give an example of when a single instance of a behavior can create an illusory correlation.
Describe the sources of stereotypic beliefs. Which do you believe are more important?
Do you think people today are more likely to hold stereotypes than those who lived before television and movies? Why or why not?
Think of some of your favorite songs. Do they contain racial or gender stereotypes? If so, how common do you think this is and what effect does it have on your perceptions of other groups?
Do you think some social groups are more likely to be stereotyped in the media than are others? Why or why not?
What is the man-first principle in spoken language? Do you think this influences how you think about women’s and men’s social roles? Why or why not?
How does language influence the development of stereotyping?
Should your college or university allow faculty who have heavy foreign accents to teach? Why or why not?
Think of examples of Mock Spanish that you have used or have heard friends use. Do you think these words convey negative associations with Spanish speakers? Why or why not?
Can you think of examples of phrases that might be “mock” versions of other languages, such as “mock” German or “mock” Russian? If so, do you think they convey negative, positive, or
Describe some ways in which perceptions of nonnative accents could influence real-life situations in which language is important, such as eyewitness testimony, teachers’ grading of students, and
Explain the difference between abstract and concrete language use. How does this lead to the intergroup linguistic bias?
Why do you think stereotype-consistent information is more likely to be conveyed in everyday conversation?
Distinguish between the measures of stereotype accuracy we described: percentage estimates, perceived dispersion, and ranking.
Do you believe researchers should explore whether stereotypes are accurate? Why or why not?
If researchers demonstrate that some stereotypes are accurate, do you think this information could be exploited, for example by members of hate groups? If so, in what way?
How is the stereotype activation process similar to the categorization processes discussed in Chapter 3? How do the processes differ?
Stereotype activation is said to be an automatic process. What does that mean? What is it about social categories and stereotypes that makes the activation process automatic?
Describe a way in which the research on creativity and stereotype activation described in Box 4.1 could be applied to everyday life.
Describe the factors that influence the degree to which stereotypes are activated.
What is intersectional invisibility? What are the costs and benefits for people who experience this invisibility?
What does it mean to say that motives, needs, and goals play a role in stereotype activation? Under what conditions is motivation most likely to affect stereotype activation?
Explain how each of the following motives affects stereotype activation: Comprehension, self-enhancement, social adjustment, and motivation to control prejudice.
Describe a time when self-enhancement goals could have affected your own stereotype use or the stereotype use of someone you know.
Explain how the motives discussed in this chapter can operate together to affect stereotype activation.
How do moods affect the activated stereotype?
How long does a stereotype stay activated? If stereotypes can dissipate relatively quickly, how is it that they can have an influence during a relatively lengthy interaction?
Explain why both motivation and ability are necessary to inhibit the application of an activated stereotype.
What does the term individuating information mean? What role does it play in stereotyping? Why can stereotypes still have an influence in the face of individuating information?
What motivates people to seek out individuating information about others?
What cognitive style variables are related to stereotype application? What kind of effect does each have?
Explain why power holders are likely to stereotype their subordinates. Assume that you are an upper-level manager in an organization. What could you do to reduce stereotyping by power holders?
Describe the various cognitive factors that reduce the opportunity to inhibit stereotyping.
Describe how individual differences in levels of prejudice affect each stage of the process and explain why prejudice has the effect it does at that stage.
A factor involved in both stereotype activation and application is the availability or unavailability of cognitive resources. Describe the role of cognitive resources in these processes and explain
Draw a diagram of the stereotyping process from categorization through stereotype activation to stereotype application. At each stage, include the factors that affect the process at that point.
Describe how stereotypes can influence the interpretation of behaviors performed by members of stereotyped groups.

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