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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

Compare and contrast the effects of divorce and child care on young children.
Compare and contrast the effects on children of deprivation and privation. What can be done to maximise the chances of children recovering from deprivation or privation?
What are some of the main factors influencing the nature of infants’ attachment to their mothers?
Describe and evaluate the Strange Situation test including a comparison of the categorical and dimensional approaches to assessing infants’ attachment to their mothers.
What is the “gender binary”? Why is there increasing criticism of the traditional approach based on the gender binary?
Compare and contrast the social cognitive and self-socialisation theories of gender development.
Describe the biological approach to understanding gender development and gender differences. How successful has this approach been?
It is often assumed there are many important gender differences in behaviour and personality. Discuss this assumption with reference to research on the gender similarities hypothesis.
In what ways does the child’s moral development depend on parental influences? Are non-parental influences also important?
What are the main gender differences in morality? How can we account for these differences?
Describe Kohlberg’s theory of moral development. Why is it now much less influential than in the past?
What are the major components of morality? Why are these components often not closely related to each other?
Which aspects of language can be acquired by great apes with training? Why are they unable to acquire other aspects of language?
How is children’s acquisition of language influenced by environmental factors?
Discuss Chomsky’s approach to language acquisition. What are the major limitations with this approach?
Describe the early stages of language development. What are the main changes that occur?
What is theory of mind and why is it important? Why do most children develop a theory of mind but some do not?
Describe Siegler’s overlapping waves model. In what ways does it represent an improvement on previous approaches?
Assess Vygotsky’s contributions to our understanding of cognitive development.
Describe Piaget’s stage theory of cognitive development. What are its major strengths and limitations?
It is very important that children do not behave aggressively.What approaches would you recommend to produce nonaggressive children?
What evidence suggests that watching media violence and playing violent video games increase aggression? How can we best explain this evidence?
Describe and evaluate the biological approach to understanding aggression.
What are the main distinctions among forms of aggressive behaviour? Why are these distinctions important for a full understanding of aggression?
What is “emotion regulation”? How have emotion-regulation strategies been used to enhance individuals’ psychological well-being?
Describe briefly two theories of emotion. What are the strengths and limitations of these theories?
How many emotions are there? Why have widely varying answers been proposed to this question?
What is emotion? How can it best be assessed?
What are the most important factors causing stress? Are some people more at risk of stress than others?
Which people are most susceptible to burnout? How can we try to prevent burnout?
Suppose a friend of yours asked your advice on how to cope with stress. What advice would you give them based on the research evidence?
It is often claimed that stress can cause various physical illnesses by impairing the functioning of the immune system. Does the available evidence provide convincing support for this claim?
What are the effects of stressors on physiological processes?How do these effects change over time?
Describe the main areas of the cerebral cortex. What functions are associated with each area? Are there any cognitive processes that do not show functional localisation?
Discuss some of the main complexities involved in making sense of the nature–nurture issue.
Describe and evaluate research on hemispheric specialisation.
In what ways has Darwin’s theory of evolution influenced the development of psychology?
What are the main aspects of ethical research? Why is it important for research to be ethical?
What are the main methods of investigation (other than the experimental method) available to researchers in psychology?What are the advantages and disadvantages of these methods?
What are the key features of the experimental method? What are its strengths and limitations?
How did Skinner explain operant conditioning? What are the main limitations with his explanation?
What is classical conditioning? In what ways does laboratory research on classical conditioning differ from classical conditioning in real life?
Discuss the major approaches within psychology that emphasise individual differences. What are some of the main similarities among these approaches?
Compare and contrast the behaviourist and cognitive approaches to understanding human behaviour.
“Psychology has contributed little to well-being in society.”Discuss with reference to specific examples.
What is cross-cultural research? Why is it important for psychologists to study many different cultures?
“Psychology is just common sense.” What are the limitations with this popular view?
Discuss possible definitions of “psychology”. What are the main factors studied by psychologists in their attempts to study human behaviour?
Learn the two types of variables that are the focus of an experiment
Understand how variables are defined in an experiment
Understand the importance of reliability and validity
Learn about problems caused by extraneous variables and confounding
Define and give an example to illustrate each of the following terms:a. Independent variableb. Dependent variablec. Extraneous variable
Identify the independent variables and levels of the IV in each of the following hypotheses:a. Absence makes the heart grow fonder.b. It takes longer to recognize a person in a photograph seen upside
Identify the dependent variables in each hypothesis in question
4. Formulate an experimental operational defi- nition for each independent variable in ques- tion
5. Formulate a measured operational definition for each dependent variable in question
6. For each hypothesis in question 2, discuss three extraneous variables that might interfere with making a valid test of that hypothesis.
Define and give an example to illustrate each of these terms:a. Interrater reliabilityb. Test-retest reliabilityc. Interitem reliabilityd. Content validitye. Predictive validityf. Concurrent validity
What is internal validity? Why is it impor- tant for an experiment to have internal validity?
Define each of the eight classic threats to internal validity and give an example of each.
List each classic threat to internal validity that is intrinsic to the following designs:a. Ex post facto studyb. Longitudinal studyc. Pretest/posttest studyd. Nonequivalent groups
Learn to control for aspects of the physical environment
Understand demand characteristics and experimenter bias and how to control for their effects
Learn how an experimenter's personality can influence experiments
Learn how volunteers differ from nonvolunteers
Understand how to control for special problems created by the experimental context
What are physical variables in an experiment?
How is elimination used as a control proce- dure? Give two examples of variables that could be controlled by elimination.
What is constancy of conditions? Give two examples of variables that could be controlled through constancy of conditions.
What is balancing? Give two examples of variables that could be controlled by balancing.
You are doing a study at a local school. Because of the way things are scheduled, you can have one small testing room in the morn- ing and another, much larger testing room in the afternoon. If you
What are demand characteristics? How do they affect our data? How can they be controlled?
A researcher says, "I want my experiment to be a success. I'm sure my hypothesis is correct, so I'll just give my subjects a couple of hints here and there. You know, maybe a wink now and then if
Dr. L. is planning a large-scale learning experiment. He would like to have 100 rats in one treatment group and another 100 in the other group. Because he needs so many rats, he says, "Well, I can't
When should a cover story be used? When shouldn't one be used? Discuss the ethical problem raised by the use of cover stories.
Why is it important that an experimenter behave in the same way toward all subjects in the experiment? What precautions can be taken to ensure that the experimenter does this?
In what ways are volunteer subjects differ- ent from nonvolunteers? What difference does it make?
Find out the names of several experiments that are being conducted in your depart- ment this term. Evaluate each name for its potential to bias the sample.
Think of two things an experimenter could do to safeguard against fatigue effects dur- ing the experiment.
Learn how subjects are assigned to conditions of a between-subjects experiment and what random assignment accomplishes
Learn the elements of simple two-group designs and how to control for confounding
Learn how to conduct experiments with more than two groups
Understand why one design is selected over another
What do we mean when we say that the experimental design is like the floor plan of a building?
What guidelines are used to determine the number of subjects to use in an experiment?
In a between-subjects design, why is it impor- tant to assign subjects to each treatment con- dition at random?
A researcher wanted to test the effect that riding the subway has on mental health. She formed two groups of subjects, an experi- mental group and a control group. The experimental group rode the
A skeptical student tells you that it's silly to bother with a control group. After all, you're really only interested in what the experi- mental group does. How would you con- vince the student
If people stand closer together, they will communicate better. How would you test this hypothesis? How many treatment con- ditions would you need? Would it be pos- sible to test this hypothesis with
People who have known each other for a long time may communicate better than people who have known each other for a short time. Imagine you are carrying out the study suggested in question
All your subjects know each other, but for varying lengths of time. How can you make sure that the length of time that subjects have known each other will not be a confound- ing variable in your
Describe a two-matched-groups design. How is the matching done?
A watched pot never boils. What design can you use to test this notion? How many treatment conditions do you need?
A researcher would like to match subjects on weight for an experiment on weight control. The weights of each subject in the sample are shown in the table below. Subject Subject Number Weight Number
Referring back to question 10, how did the outcomes of precision, range, and rank- ordered matching differ? What are the pros and cons of using each procedure?
Explain the advantages of using a multiple- groups design rather than a two-group design.
Learn how to test more than one independent variable in the same experiment
Learn about main effects and interactions between variables
Learn how to diagram and label factorial experiments

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