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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

Four team factors related to cohesion are roles, norms, group processes, and performance outcome. Distinguish among each of these factors and describe how the factors might be manipulated or modified
Describe the environmental, personal, and leadership factors that contribute to the development of cohesiveness.
Discuss the relationship of team size to group cohesiveness.
List the four factors that contribute to cohesiveness and give one specific example of each.
Define cohesiveness. What are the four facets of cohesion specific to adult sport teams? How does cohesion among youth sport teams differ from that among adult sport teams?
Briefly describe the six characteristics of sport groups.
Describe several strategies to help develop leadership in athletes.
What are key elements of leading others effectively?
What are the keys to effective self-leadership?
How could you partner with coaches, student-athletes, or a sport psychology consultant to strengthen the leadership within a team? Provide a specific example.
Why is it important for coaches and athletes to partner in executing team leadership?
Why are integrated approaches to leadership development applicable in sport?
Describe emotional intelligence. How or why is it important for sport leaders?
What is the transformational leadership theory? List the four key tenets.
Explain how a mastery-oriented team climate differs from a performance-oriented one.Consider how each climate might be related to coach expectations.
Define the terms entity theorist and incremental theorist. Explain why coaches who adhere to an entity theorist perspective of athletic ability might be more apt to be Pygmalion prone in their
Describe the stereotypes in the sport setting associated with race. Explain how such stereotypes may affect selected groups of athletes.
Explain why early-maturing girls may be at risk for negative expectancy effects once they reach puberty.
Explain what the term late-maturing child means, and then explain why late-maturing boys may be at an especially high risk for negative expectancy effects.
Do all coaches show expectancy-biased behavior? Explain what is meant by the term Pygmalion-prone coach.
A coach’s initial expectations for an individual athlete can vary along two dimensions (accuracy and flexibility). Briefly describe the consequences of the four possible combinations.
What sources of information might coaches use to form initial expectations for individual athletes on their team?
Identify and briefly describe the four steps in the expectation–performance process.
Pulling from AGT and SDT, what are the characteristics of an “empowering” coach? Provide specific examples of disempowering coaching behaviors.
What are ways in which we can make a sport environment more autonomy supportive and less controlling?
Describe the process by which external rewards can influence the intrinsic motivation of athletes.
What do we mean when we say that an athlete is intrinsically motivated in contrast to extrinsically motivated?
Illustrate how being primarily oriented to ego goals can set the stage for performance impairment and motivational difficulties.
Define and give an example of a task (or mastery)–approach and task-avoidance goal focus.
What are the distinctions between and consequences of being more ego-approach or ego-avoidance goal oriented?
How do task- and ego-involved athletes differ in the way they judge their competence and perceive success in sport?
What is the difference between the quantity and quality of motivation among athletes?
What are the behavioral characteristics that reflect whether an athlete’s motivation is high or low?
What are some of the key principles in implementing a performance feedback program? How are these related to the positive approach to coaching?
What are the effects of performance feedback on task performance, and what are the mechanisms whereby feedback is assumed to motivate behavior? What is the instructional value of feedback?
How would you use positive reinforcement to create (a) a task-oriented motivational climate and (b) an ego-oriented motivational climate?
Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Under what conditions can intrinsic motivation be undermined by positive reinforcement and what can be done to reduce this danger?
How can the positive approach be used to reduce disciplinary problems?
What is the importance of reinforcing effort rather than focusing entirely on outcome?
Summarize the schedules of reinforcement described in the text, as well as their effects on performance.
What are reinforcement contingencies and how are they applied in shaping?
What are the direct effects and undesirable side effects of punishment? Distinguish between aversive punishment and response cost. How can we explain the fact that highly punitive coaches are
Define positive reinforcement and contrast it with punishment in terms of its effects on behavior and the motivational factors that underlie its effectiveness.
Differentiate between negative reinforcement and punishment.
Define the four basic consequences created by the presentation or removal of positive or aversive stimuli and explain their effects on behavior.
What are the ABCs of behavior control within an operant conditioning analysis of behavior?
In what ways can coaching be viewed as attempts to influence behavior?
What variables can be manipulated to prompt the emergence of improved techniques and/or tactics by capitalizing on the process of guided discovery?
What changes should take place in the frequency of feedback given as a learner progresses from the cognitive to the associative stage of learning? Fully explain the reasons for these changes, and
Give an example of how a coach could use variable practice to teach several variations of a skill.
How could one use blocked practice to teach several skills? Random practice? Which would be more effective and why?
What general guidelines should a coach consider in deciding to use the whole method versus the part method of practice?
Describe how a coach should proceed to change a highly skilled athlete’s well-learned technique.
Explain why the coach’s role as motivator is so important during the autonomous phase of learning.
What are the effects of asking highly skilled performers to consciously attend to their movements?
How is proprioception, or “feel,” important in motor performance?
Briefly describe Fitts and Posner’s three phases of motor skill learning.
Define the term motor learning and explain why learning must remain an inference based on performance.
Describe some of the traditional and nontraditional job opportunities that sport psychology professionals might pursue.
What are some of the concerns and questions that scholars and consultants in sport psychology must address in the future?
What progress has been made on the professional issues identified in this chapter?
If you conducted a really good study that might be publishable or given as a talk, what journals and organizations would you want to check out?
Contrast the development of sport psychology in Eastern Europe to that in North America.
Briefly describe the development of sport psychology in North America.
How are professionals in sport psychology trained, and what do they do?
Define what is meant by applied sport psychology and when it might be used.
Effective managers often exhibita. only task leadership.b. only social leadership.c. both task and social leadership, depending on the situation and the person.d. task leadership for building teams
Research indicates that women are often social leaders. They are also more likely than men to have a leadership style.
What type of goals will best help you stay focused and motivated to do your finest work in this class?
psychologists study job seeking, and the recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development of employees;psychologists focus on how people and machines interact, and on
What are industrial-organizational psychology’s three key areas of study?
People who view their work as a calling often experience , a focused state of consciousness, with lowered awareness of themselves and of time.
When sample averages are and the difference between them is, we can say the difference has statistical significance.a. reliable; largeb. reliable; smallc. due to chance; larged. due to chance; small
In - studies, a characteristic is assessed across different age groups at the same time.
How can regression toward the mean influence our interpretation of events?
A provides a visual representation of the direction and the strength of a relationship between two variables.
If a study revealed that high self-esteem people were less anxious than low self-esteem people, this would suggest that the correlation between self-esteem and anxiety is(positive/negative).
In a correlation, the scores rise and fall together; in a(n)correlation, one score falls as the other rises.a. positive; negativeb. positive; illusoryc. negative; weakd. strong; weak
Another name for a bell-shaped distribution, in which most scores fall near the middle and fewer scores fall at each extreme, is a .
The standard deviation is the most useful measure of variation in a set of data because it tells usa. the difference between the highest and lowest scores in the set.b. the extent to which the sample
Which of the three measures of central tendency is most easily distorted by a few very high or very low scores?a. The modeb. The meanc. The mediand. They are all equally vulnerable to distortion from
An approach that seeks to identify and alleviate conditions that put people at high risk for developing psychological disorders is calleda. deep brain stimulation.b. the mood-stabilizing
When drug therapies have not been effective, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may be used as treatment, largely for people witha. severe obsessive-compulsive disorder.b. severe depression.c.
A simple salt that often brings relief to patients suffering the highs and lows of bipolar disorder is .
Drugs such as Xanax and Ativan, which depress central nervous system activity, can become addictive when used as ongoing treatment. These drugs are referred to as drugs.
Some antipsychotic drugs, used to calm people with schizophrenia, can have unpleasant side effects, most notablya. hyperactivity.b. convulsions and momentary memory loss.c. sluggishness, tremors, and
How does the placebo effect bias clients’ attitudes about the effectiveness of various therapies?
What are the three components of evidence-based practice?
Studies show that therapy is the most effective treatment for most psychological disorders.a. behaviorb. humanisticc. psychodynamicd. no one type of
The most enthusiastic or optimistic view of the effectiveness of psychotherapy comes froma. outcome research.b. randomized clinical trials.c. reports of clinicians and clients.d. a government study
In family therapy, the therapist assumes thata. only one family member needs to change.b. each person’s actions trigger reactions from other family members.c. dysfunctional family behaviors are
- therapy helps people to change their self-defeating ways of thinking and to act out those changes in their daily behavior.
Cognitive therapy has been especially effective in treatinga. nail biting.b. phobias.c. alcohol use disorder.d. depression.
At a treatment center, people who display a desired behavior receive coins that they can later exchange for other rewards. This is an example of a(n)
After a near-fatal car accident, Rico developed such an intense fear of driving on the freeway that he takes lengthy alternative routes to work each day. Which psychological therapy might best help
The technique of teaches people to relax in the presence of progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli.
Behavior therapies often use techniques, such as systematic desensitization and aversive conditioning, to encourage clients to produce new responses to old stimuli.
The goal of behavior therapy is toa. identify and treat the underlying causes of the problem.b. improve learning and insight.c. eliminate the unwanted behavior.d. improve communication and social
A therapist who restates and clarifies the client’s statements is practicing the technique of.
Compared with psychoanalysts, humanistic therapists are more likely to emphasizea. hidden or repressed feelings.b. childhood experiences.c. psychological disorders.d. self-fulfillment and growth.

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