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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

2. A pinch on an animal’s right hind foot excites a sensory neuron that excites an interneuron that excites the motor neurons to the flexor muscles of that leg. The interneuron also inhibits the
1. When Sherrington measured the reaction time of a reflex (i.e., the delay between stimulus and response), he found that the response occurred faster after a strong stimulus than after a weak one.
5. Can an inhibitory message flow along an axonpg99
4. What ion gates in the membrane open during an EPSPpg99 What gates open during an IPSPpg99
3. What was Sherrington’s evidence for inhibition in the nervous systempg99
2. What is the difference between temporal summation and spatial summationpg99
3. If a drug partly blocks a membrane’s potassium channels, how does it affect the action potentialpg99
2. In the laboratory, researchers can apply an electrical stimulus at any point along the axon, making action potentials travel in both directions from the point of stimulation. An action potential
1. Suppose the threshold of a neuron were the same as its resting potential. What would happenpg99 At what frequency would the cell produce action potentialspg99
17. In a myelinated axon, how would the action potential be affected if the nodes were much closer togetherpg99 How might it be affected if the nodes were much farther apartpg99
16. Suppose researchers find that axon A can produce up to 1,000 action potentials per second (at least briefly, with maximum stimulation), but axon B can never produce more than 100 per second
15. Does the all-or-none law apply to dendritespg99 Why or why notpg99
14. State the all-or-none law.
13. As the membrane reaches the peak of the action potential, what brings the membrane down to the original resting potentialpg99
12. During the rise of the action potential, do sodium ions move into the cell or out of itpg99 Whypg99
11. What is the relationship between the threshold and an action potentialpg99
10. What is the difference between a hyperpolarization and a depolarizationpg99
9. When the membrane is at rest, what tends to drive the potassium ions out of the cellpg99 What tends to draw them into the cellpg99
8. When the membrane is at rest, are the sodium ions more concentrated inside the cell or outsidepg99 Where are the potassium ions more concentratedpg99
4. Which kind of glia cell wraps around the synaptic terminals of axonspg99
3. Identify the four major structures that compose a neuron.
2. Which animal species would have the longest axonspg99
1. What are the widely branching structures of a neuron calledpg99 And what is the long thin structure that carries information to another cell calledpg99
14. How does the “minimalist” position differ from the “abolitionist”positionpg99
12. What are two plausible ways for possible altruistic genes to spread in a populationpg99
11. Many people believe the human appendix is useless. Will it become smaller and smaller with each generationpg99
10. What example illustrates the point that even if some characteristic is highly heritable, a change in the environment can alter itpg99
9. Suppose someone determines the heritability of IQ scores for a given population. Then society changes in a way that provides the best possible opportunity for everyone within that population. Will
8. What are the main types of evidence to estimate the heritability of some behaviorpg99
7. How does adding a methyl or acetyl group to a histone protein alter gene activitypg99
6. How does an epigenetic change differ from a mutationpg99
5. Suppose someone identifies a “gene” for certain aspects of sexual development. In what ways might that statement be misleadingpg99
4. How does a sex-linked gene differ from a sex-limited genepg99
3. Suppose you have high sensitivity to the taste of PTC. If your mother has low sensitivity, what (if anything) can you predict about your father’s taste sensitivitypg99
Suppose you have high sensitivity to tasting PTC. If your mother can also taste it easily, what (if anything) can you predict about your father’s ability to taste itpg99
2. What are the special difficulties of studying the evolution of behavior, given that behavior doesn’t leave fossils (with a few exceptions such as footprints showing an animal’s gait)pg99
1. Is consciousness usefulpg99 That is, what (if anything)can we do because of consciousness that we couldn’t do otherwisepg99
How does an evolutionary explanation differ from a functional explanationpg99
22. Suppose someone suffers from constant itching. What kinds of drugs might help relieve it?
21. Do opiates increase or decrease itch sensations?
20. In what ways are hurt feelings similar to physical pain?
18. How do ibuprofen and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decrease pain?
17. How do the pain-relieving effects of cannabinoids differ from those of opiates?
13. Suppose you suffer a cut through the spinal cord on the right side only. For the part of the body below that cut, will you lose pain sensation on the left side or the right side?Will you lose
2. The text explains how we might distinguish loudness for low-frequency sounds. How might we distinguish loudness for a high-frequency tone?
9. Which method of sound localization is more effective for an animal with a small head? Which is more effective for an animal with a large head? Why?
6. What is one way in which the auditory and visual cortices differ?
4. What evidence suggests that absolute pitch depends on special experiences?
2. Why is it advantageous to become motion blind during voluntary eye movements? That is, why might we have evolved this mechanism?
1. The visual system has specialized areas for perceiving faces, bodies, and places, but not other kinds of objects. Why might we have evolved specialized areas for these functions but not others?
29. What symptoms occur after damage limited to area MT?What may occur if MT is intact but area V1 is damaged?
28. Under what circumstance does someone with an intact brain become motion blind, and what accounts for the motion blindness?
27. Area V4 is important for color constancy. What is color constancy?
26. What is prosopagnosia, and what does its existence tell us about separate shape recognition systems in the visual cortex?
25. Suppose someone can describe an object in detail but stumbles and fumbles when trying to walk toward it and pick it up. Which is probably damaged, the dorsal path or the ventral path?
1. Why would it be harder to deprive someone of just NREM sleep than just REM sleep?
18. What is a key point of disagreement between the activationsynthesis hypothesis and the clinico-anatomical hypothesis?
17. What kinds of individuals get more REM sleep than others?(Think in terms of age, species, and long versus short sleepers.)
16. Do memories become improved during sleep by strengthening or weakening synapses?
15. If we want to choose people for a job that requires sometimes working without sleep, how could we quickly determine which ones were probably best able to tolerate sleep deprivation?
14. Some fi sh live in caves or the deep ocean with no light. What might one predict about their sleep?
1. When cats are deprived of REM sleep and then permitted uninterrupted sleep, the longer the period of deprivation—up to about 25 days—the greater the rebound of REM when they can sleep
13. What is the relationship between orexin and narcolepsy?
12. What kinds of people are most likely to develop sleep apnea?
11. What would happen to the sleep–wake schedule of someone who lacked orexin?
10. Why do most antihistamines make people drowsy?
9. What would happen to the sleep–wake schedule of someone who took a drug that blocked GABA?
8. During which part of a night’s sleep is REM most common?
7. How can an investigator determine whether a sleeper is in REM sleep?
6. What do long, slow waves on an EEG indicate?
3. If you travel across several time zones to the east and want to use melatonin to help reset your circadian rhythm, at what time of day should you take it? What if you travel west?
2. Why would evolution have enabled blind mole rats to synchronize their SCN activity to light, even though they cannot see well enough to make any use of the light?
1. Is it possible for the onset of light to reset the circadian rhythms of a person who is blind? Explain.
5. How do the proteins Tim and Per relate to sleepiness in Drosophila?
4. How does light reset the biological clock?
3. What evidence strongly indicates that the SCN produces the circadian rhythm itself?
2. Why do people at the eastern edge of Germany awaken earlier than those at the western edge on their weekends and holidays?
1. What evidence indicates that humans have an internal biological clock?
2. Neurologists assert that if people lived long enough, sooner or later everyone would develop Parkinson’s disease. Why?
1. Haloperidol is a drug that blocks dopamine synapses.What eff ect would it be likely to have in someone suffering from Parkinson’s disease?
22. What procedure enables physicians to predict who will or will not get Huntington’s disease and to estimate the age of onset?
21. What are some possible treatments for Parkinson’s disease other than L-dopa?
20. In what ways is L-dopa treatment disappointing?
19. How does L-dopa relieve the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
18. How does MPTP exposure infl uence the likelihood of Parkinson’s disease? What are the eff ects of cigarette smoking?
17. Do monozygotic twins resemble each other more than dizygotic twins do for early-onset Parkinson’s disease? For late-onset? What conclusion do these results imply?
1. Human infants are at fi rst limited to gross movements of the trunk, arms, and legs. Th e ability to move one fi nger at a time matures gradually over at least the fi rst year. What hypothesis
16. What kind of learning depends most heavily on the basal ganglia?
15. Why does damage to the basal ganglia lead to involuntary movements?
14. If a larger number of parallel fi bers are active, what is the eff ect on the collective output of the Purkinje cells?
13. How are the parallel fi bers arranged relative to one another and to the Purkinje cells?
12. What kind of perceptual task would be most impaired by damage to the cerebellum?
11. What kinds of movements does the lateral tract control? The medial tract?
10. Explain the evidence that someone’s conscious decision to move does not cause the movement.
9. When expert pianists listen to familiar, well-practiced music, they imagine the fi nger movements, and the fi nger area of their motor cortex becomes active, even if they are not moving their fi
8. How does the posterior parietal cortex contribute to movement? The prefrontal cortex? The premotor cortex? The supplementary motor cortex?
7. What evidence indicates that cortical activity represents the “idea” of the movement and not just the muscle contractions?
1. Would you expect jaguars, cheetahs, and other great cats to have mostly slow-twitch, nonfatiguing muscles in their legs or mostly fast-twitch, quickly fatiguing muscles? What kinds of animals
6. What is the function of Golgi tendon organs?
5. If you hold your arm straight out and someone pulls it down slightly, it quickly bounces back. Which proprioceptor is responsible?

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