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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

How can the events which delivered the messages be incorporated into or impact on the current story?
How do these messages contradict each other and what internal conflicts are set up as a result?
How do they adapt when those messages are challenged?
What behaviours do they have as a result of those messages and beliefs?
What beliefs do they have now as a result of each message?
What memories does the character have that relate?
How were these childhood messages delivered? What events occurred?
Which of the drivers/injunctions do these messages relate to?
What other childhood messages can you think of that your character received?
What messages did your character receive as a child?
12. How does the “minimalist” position diff er from the“abolitionist” position?
11. Describe reasons biological psychologists conduct much of their research on nonhuman animals.
10. What are two plausible ways for possible altruistic genes to spread in a population?
7. Adopted children whose biological parents were alcoholics have an increased probability of becoming alcoholics themselves. One possible explanation is heredity. What is another?
6. How does a sex-linked gene diff er from a sex-limited gene?
2. Now suppose a robot just said and did the same things you did in question 1. Will the robot convince you that it is conscious?
1. What would you say or do to try to convince a solipsist that you are conscious?
3. What is meant by the “hard problem”?
2. What is the main reason nearly all scientists and philosophers reject the idea of dualism?
1. How does an evolutionary explanation differ from a functional explanation?
3. Would you expect the cortical cells of a rabbit to be just as sensitive to the effects of experience as are the cells of cats and primates? Why or why not?
23. What causes astigmatism?24. Why is it important to correct astigmatism early?
22. What early experience is necessary to maintain binocular input to the neurons of the visual cortex?
20. What is a feature detector?
19. What do cells within a column of the visual cortex have in common?
18. How could a researcher determine whether a given neuron in the visual cortex is simple or complex?
17. What is an example of an unconscious visually guided behavior?
15. What are the differences between the magnocellular and parvocellular systems?
13. Examine Figure 6.18. You should see grayish diamonds at the crossroads among the black squares. Explain why.
12. If light strikes only one receptor, what is the net effect(excitatory or inhibitory) on the nearest bipolar cell that is directly connected to that receptor? What is the effect on bipolar cells
11. When light strikes a receptor, does the receptor excite or inhibit the bipolar cells? What effect does it have on horizontal cells? What effect does the horizontal cell have on bipolar cells?
10. Where does the optic nerve start and where does it end?
8. Figure 6.9 shows 500 nm light as blue and 550 nm light as yellow. Why should we nevertheless not call them“blue light” and “yellow light”?
6. Suppose a bipolar cell receives excitatory input from medium-wavelength cones and inhibitory input from all three kinds of cones. When it is highly excited, what color would one see? When it is
3. What makes the blind spot of the retina blind?
29. Suppose someone has suffered a spinal cord injury that interrupts all sensation from the left arm. Now he or she uses only the right arm. Of the following, which is the most promising therapy:
27. Many people with schizophrenia take drugs that block dopamine synapses. After prolonged use, the side effects include frequent involuntary movements. What is one possible explanation?
26. Is denervation supersensitivity a change in axons or dendritic receptors?
25. Is collateral sprouting a change in axons or dendritic receptors?
23. If one of your relatives has a stroke and a well-meaning person offers a blanket, what should you do?
22. Why is tPA not helpful in cases of hemorrhage?
21. What are the two kinds of stroke, and what causes each kind?
20. What is one way in which older adults compensate for less efficient brain functioning?
18. Under what circumstances are adolescents most likely to make an impulsive decision?
17. What procedure is most promising for treating musician’s cramp?
16. What change in the brain is responsible for musician’s cramp?
14. Under what circumstance would the occipital cortex of a sighted adult become responsive to touch?
12. An enriched environment promotes growth of axons and dendrites. What is known to be one important reason for this effect?
10. Anesthetic drugs increase inhibition of neurons, blocking most action potentials. Why would we predict that exposure to anesthetics might be dangerous to the brain of a fetus?
9. At what age does a person have the greatest number of neurons—before birth, during childhood, during adolescence, or during adulthood?
8. What class of chemicals prevents apoptosis?
7. What process ensures that the spinal cord has the right number of axons to innervate all the muscle cells?
6. If axons from the retina were prevented from showing spontaneous activity during early development, what would be the probable effect on development of the lateral geniculate?
5. If all cells in an amphibian’s tectum produced the same amount of TOPDV, what would be the effect on the attachment of axons?
3. What evidence indicated that new neurons seldom or never form in the adult cerebral cortex?
2. In which brain areas do new neurons form in adults?
1. Which develops first, a neuron’s axon or its dendrites?
24. In which way do men and women differ most—intellectual performance, total gray matter, or total white matter?
23. Why do recent studies show a stronger relationship between brain size and IQ than older studies did?
22. Why are both brain size and brain-to-body ratio unsatisfactory ways of estimating animal intelligence?
19. What does fMRI measure?
18. Why does electrical or magnetic stimulation of the brain seldom produce complex, meaningful sensations or movements?
17. How do the effects of brief, mild magnetic stimulation differ from those of longer, more intense stimulation?
16. What is the difference between a lesion and an ablation?
4. Correlate brain anatomy with behavior. Do people with some unusual behavior also have unusual brains? If so, in what way?
3. Record brain activity during behavior. We might record changes in brain activity during fighting, sleeping, finding food, solving a problem, or any other behavior.
2. Examine the effects of stimulating a brain area. Ideally, if damaging some area impairs a behavior, stimulating that area should enhance the behavior.
1. Examine the effects of brain damage. After damage or temporary inactivation, what aspects of behavior are impaired?
15. What is meant by the binding problem, and what is necessary for binding to occur?
14. What are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?
13. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary motor cortex?
12. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary visual cortex?
11. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary somatosensory cortex?
10. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary auditory cortex?
8. Which area is the main source of input to the cerebral cortex?The drug phenylephrine is sometimes prescribed for people suffering from a sudden loss of blood pressure or other medical disorders.
1. What does dorsal mean, and what is its opposite?
2. The research on sensitization of the nucleus accumbens has dealt with addictive drugs, mainly cocaine.Would you expect a gambling addiction to have similar effects? How could someone test this
1. People who take methylphenidate (Ritalin) for control of attention-deficit disorder often report that, although the drug increases their arousal for a while, they feel a decrease in alertness and
31. How does Antabuse work?
30. Who would be likely to drink more alcohol—someone who metabolizes acetaldehyde to acetic acid rapidly or one who metabolizes it slowly?
28. Someone who is quitting an addictive substance for the first time is strongly counseled not to try it again. Why?
26. Name at least two ways a gene could influence alcoholism.
25. Which type of alcoholism—Type I or Type II—has a stronger genetic basis? Which type has earlier onset?
24. If incoming serotonin axons were destroyed, LSD would still have its full effects. However, if incoming dopamine axons were destroyed, amphetamine and cocaine would lose their effects. Explain
23. What are the effects of cannabinoids on neurons?
22. How do opiates influence dopamine synapses?
20. Why is methylphenidate generally less disruptive to behavior than cocaine is despite the drugs’ similar mechanisms?
19. How do amphetamine and cocaine influence dopamine synapses?
21. How does nicotine affect dopamine synapses?
18. What do drug use, sex, gambling, and video game playing have in common?
17. Is a drug with high affinity and low efficacy an agonist or an antagonist?
16. What happens to serotonin and catecholamine molecules after they stimulate a postsynaptic receptor?
15. What happens to acetylcholine molecules after they stimulate a postsynaptic receptor?
14. In what way is a neuropeptide intermediate between other neurotransmitters and hormones?
12. How are neuropeptides special compared to other transmitters?
11. What are second messengers, and which type of synapse relies on them?
10. How do ionotropic and metabotropic synapses differ in speed and duration of effects?
8. Name the three catecholamine neurotransmitters.
4. Figure 3.11 shows synaptic connections to produce a cell that responds to “A and B if not C.” Construct a wiring diagram so that a cell responds to “A or B if not C.” This is much trickier
2. A pinch on an animal’s right hind foot excites a sensory neuron that excites an interneuron that excites the motor neurons to the flexor muscles of that leg. The interneuron also inhibits the

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