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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

6. Describe the design in the diagram in question 5 using all four labeling methods.
A researcher decides to run an experiment to study the effects of two independent variables on learning. (1) She will vary background noise by playing or not playing a radio while subjects study a
What features of an experimental hypothe- sis are important in selecting a design?
In a study of interpersonal closeness (Hol- land, Roeder, van Baaren, Brandt, & Hannover, 2004, experiment 2), research- ers primed either independence or interde- pendence by asking male and female
A crossover interaction was depicted in a bar graph in Box 10.2. Change the bar graph to a line graph to depict this interaction.
Learn about designs in which subjects participate in more than one experimental condition
Understand the pros and cons of within-subjects designs
Learn how to control for problems specific to these designs
How does a within-subjects experiment differ from a between-subjects experiment?
Discuss three advantages and three disadvan- tages of using a within-subjects design.
Outline a within-subjects experiment to test this hypothesis: Children who play with weaponlike toys (for example, toy guns and knives) become more aggressive.
Mary is very excited about the within-subjects approach. "Now I'll never need to run large numbers of subjects again," she says. What has she forgotten?
For each of the following dependent measures, evaluate the pros and cons of using a within- subjects approach:a. The taste of a new toothpasteb. The cavity-preventing properties of a new toothpastec.
What requirements must be met to make the within-subjects approach feasible?
You are planning an experiment on anagrams (scrambled words). You want to test whether different scramble patterns lead to different solution rates. For instance, the letter order 54321 might be
Lawson, Downing, and Cetola (1998) tested the effects of audience laughter on the perceived funniness of recorded jokes. After receiving one of four possible manip- ulations (Laughter strength:
A television commercial showed people tasting and choosing between two colas. The first cola was labeled R; the second was labeled Q. The majority of people said they liked cola R better than cola Q.
Explain why (when it is used as a factor in a design) order is always a between-subjects factor.
Figure 11.7 illustrates progressive error mea- sured in an experiment on breathing rate during weightlifting. Because of warm-up and fatigue effects across subjects, progressive error was
Understand the rationale for conducting small N experiments
Learn the ABA family of reversal designs
Learn other methods used in small N research
Discuss the relative advantages and disadvan- tages of small N versus large N designs.
What is an ABA design? Why is it really a family of designs?
What do we mean by a reversal (or with- drawal) design?
Explain how a baseline condition in a small N experiment is similar to a control group in a large N experiment.
Outline a small N experiment to test this hypothesis: Children who are given weapon- like toys (for example, toy guns and knives) become more aggressive.a. What are the independent and dependent
One student is still looking for shortcuts. He says, "Running through the baseline condition of an experiment twice is silly. I'll just run through A and B and draw my conclusions from that." What
Give an example of a clinical study in which the student from question 6 would be justified in using an AB design.
Describe how you would conduct an ABAB experiment in which punishment (a squirt bottle containing 9 parts water to 1 part vinegar) was used to control barking in a dog.
Why was an ABAB design used in question 8 rather than an ABA design?
Draw a graph to illustrate a successful multiple baseline experiment to control two problem behaviors (barking and chasing the cat) exhibited by the dog from question
Assume the squirt bottle is your intervention.
Explain the two types of variability that can be expected in small N designs.
Using a changing criterion design, create a study to get one of your "couch potato" friends to exercise more. Graph your suc- cessful results.
Discuss the benefits of a discrete trials design.
Learn how hypotheses are tested in experiments
Understand the meaning of significance levels
Learn how to summarize data with descriptive statistics
What is variability? Give three examples of dependent measures that you would expect to have high variability.
Jack is still looking for a shortcut. After run- ning an experiment, he says, "Oh, wow. The difference between my two treatment means is 60 points. I mean, like, that's such a large difference that
What is a null hypothesis?
You have run an experiment to test the effects of noise on motor dexterity. It was a three- group experiment. Your three conditions were a control condition with no noise, a low-noise condition, and
a. Julie is going to run an experiment tomor- row in which her significance level will be pb. The range, variance, and standard deviation
Following are two distributions of scores on a memory test. Find the mean, median, range, and variance of each group. Group 1 Group 2 5 3 6 1 8 3 31 2 1 S
Learn how to select the appropriate statistical tests
Understand the concepts behind the chi-square test and how to compute it
Understand the differences between the two types of t tests .
Understand the concept of variance in an experiment
Learn how different components of variance can be compared in analysis of variance to detect significant treatment effects
Learn how to interpret F ratios for multiple group and factorial experiments
What five basic questions must we answer before we can select the appropriate statistical test for an experiment?
A two-independent-groups experiment was conducted to study the effects of low versus high anxiety on people's desire to affiliate with others. (Assume the procedures were the same as those used in
When do we use a one-way analysis of variance?
What are the sources of within-groups variability?
What are the sources of between-groups vari- ability in an experiment with one independent variable?
Explain how the one-way analysis of variance works: How do we use within- and between- groups variability?
A researcher computed the F ratio for a four- group experiment. The computed F is 4.86. The degrees of freedom are 3 for the numera- tor and 16 for the denominator.a. Is the computed value of F
Following is an SPSS printout of a summary table for a 2 x 2 between-subjects ANOVA on Source the data from the learning and smoking experiment. How did your calculations fare against the computer's
Learn to make valid conclusions based on an experiment's internal validity
Understand the limits to generalizing results from a single study
Learn techniques for increasing external validity
Understand the causes of nonsignificant findings
Discuss three potential sources for decreasing the internal invalidity in an experiment. How would you control each one?
How does internal validity affect the conclu- sions that may be drawn from the results of an experiment?
What are the eight classic threats to internal validity presented in Chapter 7? Why are they potential confounds?
What factors influence statistical conclusion validity?
What do we mean when we say that results can be significant but not meaningful? What is a good approach for judging how meaningful an effect is?
What is external validity?
An experiment that is not internally valid cannot be externally valid. Why?
Why is replicability a requirement for external validity?
Explain how we use inductive thinking to extend the findings of an experiment beyond the particular study.
What issues affect the decision to generalize the findings of an experiment to other samples of subjects? To other populations?
The operational definition of a given variable may be changed from one experiment to another. Explain how and why this change of definition affects the generality of research findings.
In writing up a research report, a psychol- ogist concluded by saying, "These results prove my hypothesis. They provide con- clusive evidence that working crossword puzzles improves vocabulary."
What are multivariate procedures? How can they be used to increase the external validity of an experiment?
How does the reactivity of subjects influence the external validity of an experiment? Discuss three techniques for reducing reactivity.
Deanna is not quite sure how to interpret the results of an experiment she did. She found that her data were almost significant (p
Learn techniques for scientific writing
Learn the components of each section of an APA style research report
Learn to write a research report using a sample journal article as a guide
Learn the differences between published and typed versions of a report
What is the purpose of a research report?
What is a scientific writing style? How is it different from writing a letter to a friend?
What are the major sections that should be included in each report?
Think of three terms that are ethnically biased, three that are sexist, and three that "handicap" people mentally or physically. Think of some alternative, unbiased terms and practice them in
What should be described in a good title?
Practice writing report titles by suggesting a good title for reports on each of the follow- ing sets of independent and dependent variables:a. Food deprivation; the speed of maze runningb. Practice;
What is the function of the abstract of a research report? What basic information should it contain?
What is the Publication Manual of the Amer ican Psychological Association?
What is the function of the Introduction of a report? What basic information should you include in an introduction?
What is the function of the Method section of a report? What basic information should you include in the Method section?
You want to divide a Method section into subsections. What subsections are commonly used? What information would you include in each?
What information should you include in the Results section?
The Discussion section of a report serves several functions. What are they?
Why do we need to include a References section at the end of a report?
Jack is not pleased with this chapter. He says, "If I have to follow all these silly rules for writing a report, I won't have any chance to be creative." Tell him why a standard format for writing
Explain how you would show each of the following in a report:a. The results of a t test with 38 degrees of freedom, where the obtained value of I was 1.38 and the significance level was .20.b. The
The chapter opened with a quote from Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech. What parts of his dream of racial equality have been realized? What parts have not?
The oak tree outside Jena High School, mentioned in the chapter opening, has since been cut down. What effect do you believe the removal of the tree had on race relations in Jena, Louisiana? Why?

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