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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

2. Research on personality and acculturation reveals that a introverts tend to be more successful at acculturating than extraverts.b. extraverts tend to be more successful at acculturating than
3. Bjorn is a nonvisible minority member, while Trang is a member of a visible minority. Trang is more likely than Bjorn to a experience an L-shaped acculturation curve.b. have his acculturative
4. Stereotype threat occurs for what reason?a. It is damaging to one's self-esteem if others share negative stereotypes of your group.b. People risk behaving in ways consistent with stereotypes,
5. Jee-Yeong is a bicultural Korean Canadian who has high bicultural identity integration.Compared with other bicultural Korean Canadians who have low bicultural identity integration, Jee-Yeonga.
6. How is creativity related to multicultural experiences?a. The kinds of travel destinations of creative people are more exotic than are those of less creative people.b. Creative people tend to
1. Why is it difficult to find patterns of psychological adjustment that reliably apply to all people's acculturation experiences?
2. If you could somehow track all people migrating to new cultures around the world, what kinds of people do you think would have the easiest time acculturating to their new homes? What kinds would
3. If you could design a society that would allow immigrants to have the most success in their acculturation experiences, what kind of society would you create?
4. Why is integration typically viewed as the most successful acculturation strategy?
5. How does stereotype threat come to undermine the performance of negatively stereotyped groups?
6. Why do multicultural people tend to be more creative?
Westerners are especially concerned about self-esteem, and they engage in self- enhancement efforts to boost the positivity of their own self-view, including self-serving biases. A positive
Protestant attitudes about predestination may have motivated people to search for positive information about themselves.
In American culture, increased individualism is associated with high self-esteem and strong self-enhancement motivation.
East Asians are more concerned about face, and their self-improvement efforts ensure that they maintain it. Often East Asians are self-critical, and this perspective applies to anything that reflects
East Asians generally have a prevention orientation, and will persist longer in the face of failure than success. Westerners usually have a promotion orientation, persisting longer when facing
In individualistic cultures, people exercise primary control, striving to shape existing realities to match their perceptions, goals, or wishes.
In collectivistic cultures, people exercise secondary control, yielding their own preferences to others; they alter their personal expectations and preferences rather than try to change things
East Asians are more likely to see power and control as resting within groups, and Westerners generally view power and control as the responsibility of individuals.
Westerners value making choices by themselves, preferring many options to choose from, and they tend to view a larger proportion of their behaviors as based on personal decisions. Non-Westerners
In socioeconomic terms, middle-class Americans prefer making their own choices more than working-class Americans.
Cultures influence the motivations for conformity and uniqueness. In collectivistic societies, people want to maintain harmonious relationships and blend in with their group. In individualistic
1. The motivations of working-class Americans appear to differ from those of upper-middle- class Americans in what way?a. Working-class Americans, but not upper-middle-class Americans, prefer to not
2. Which of the following statements is most accurate?a. There is very little cross-cultural variation in self-esteem.b. in collectivistic cultures, interdependence is positively associated with
3. A group-enhancing bias is a more common among East Asians than Westerners.b. more common among Native Americans than European Americans. C more common among Westerners than East Asians. d weaker
4. How do primary and secondary control among Japanese and Americans differ? Americans feel primary control in American-made situations and secondary control ina. Japanese-made situations.b. Japanese
5. Cross-cultural studies on choice demonstrate which of the following patterns?a. Asian Americans prefer a task an ingroup chooses for them more than one that an outgroup chooses for themb. European
6. Research on messages in advertising in Korea and the U.S. has indicated thata. ads emphasizing conformity are relatively ineffective in the U.S.b. ads emphasizing uniqueness are relatively
1. Why do you think self-esteem appears to be increasing over the past several decades?
2. What do you think are some of the social consequences of increased self-esteem?
3. How does comparing your performance on a task with others affect the positivity of your self-concept?
4. What are some key ways self-esteem differs from face?
5. How do students use primary and secondary control when preparing for an exam?
6. What approach do Indians use when making choices compared to Americans?
7. Why do you think Americans are highly motivated to value having the freedom to choose, compared to people in other countries?
8. Why did people conform so often in the Asch conformity studies?
Cognition and perception is the research area that has yielded some of the clearest evidence for cultural variation, especially in styles of reasoning Westerners are largely analytic thinkers,
In their surroundings, East Asians generally see foreground objects as part of the background context, whereas Westerners focus on foreground objects, disregarding the background. This cultural
Artistic style preferences reveal cultural differences in perceptual habits. East Asian paint- ings emphasize the context by incorporating small figures and scenes with high horizons, in contrast to
Cross-cultural variations in analytic and holistic thinking affect how people understand others Westerners generally explain behavior as arising from dispositional attributions, or personality
The tendency for analytic thinkers to view objects as separate and internally consistent means it's hard to tolerate contradiction. In contrast, the tendency for holistic thinkers to view the world
For East Asians, as holistic thinkers, it's harder to focus on a silent cognitive task and talk at the same time Westerners, as analytic thinkers, find it relatively easy to think and speak
People in high-context cultures, where shared information guides behavior, observe nonverbal cues and rely less on explicit language. In low-context cultures, explicit communication guides behavior.
The Whorlian hypothesis of linguistic relativity proposes that language influences thought processes. Color perception is affected by the words for colors in one's language, and the same is true for
1. Analytic thinking is best characterized bya. taxonomic categorization.b. thematic categorization.c. multiple level categorization.d. categorical analysis. e synthetically integrating theses and
2. Comparisons of Asian Americans and European Americans in their performance on the Raven's Matrices IQ test reveals thata. Asian Americans tend to outperform European Americans.b. European
3. People who are especially field-dependent tend to be
4. a introverted.b. from Western culturesc. hunters or herdersd. from large, industrialized cities.e. holistic thinkers. You are walking with your friend when both of you see someone on the street
5. Jade, a European Canadian real estate agent, and Jing, a Chinese real estate agent, are trying to figure out what to tell their clients about the market's outlook Compared to Jade, Jing willa.
6. Which statement is true for people from cultures that do not have words for numbers beyond 2 or 3?a. They can detect changes in the number of objects the same way as those who have words for a
1. What are the differences between analytic and holistic thinking?
2. Why would East Asians be more comfortable with busier, more complex websites than Westerners?
3. How might cultural differences in attribution styles affect how people assign penalties to lawbreakers?
4. Why are Chinese more likely to be contrarian stock investors than Canadians?
5. If talking interferes with thinking more for East Asian students than Western students, should class participation be rewarded to the same degree in different cultures? What do you think should be
6. Do people who speak languages with different color terms see colors differently? What evidence suggests that they do, and what suggests that they don’t?
7. How do people who speak languages that have only a few words for numbers think about quantities?
Two basic theories describe emotions: the James-Lange theory, focusing on physiological responses to stimuli, predicts cultural universality; the two-factor theory, focusing on interpretations of
Facial expressions consistently demonstrate that people everywhere recognize the basic emotions of happiness, disgust, surprise, sadness, anger, and fear. Other emotions, including contempt, shame,
The expressions of the basic emotions reflect both universal physiological responses and cultural learning; people are usually less accurate at recognizing facial expressions of those from unfamiliar
Cultural display rules govern the appropriate facial expressions of emotion. People in some cultures communicate their emotions more directly, whereas others express them in more moderate ways.
Experiencing emotions varies cross-culturally. East Asians experience anger less intensely, and for shorter periods of time, compared to North Americans.
People with an interdependent self-view tend to feel happy when they have interpersonally engaged positive emotions; people with an independent self-view feel happy when they experience
The vocabulary for describing emotions is different in various languages. Some languages have many more emotion words than others, and there is often little overlap between them. The terms for the
People in cultures around the world differ considerably in degree of life satisfaction.Subjective well-being is influenced by such variables as income level, protection of human rights, and equality.
Russians are known for dwelling on negative emotions but unlike Americans, this is not associated with depression.
Positive emotions involving high arousal are more desired in Western cultures, whereas non-Westerners prefer low-arousal positive emotions.
1. What differentiates the pride expression from the six basic emotional facial expressions? a It involves more than the arrangement and movement of facial musclesb. It is not universally recognized,
2. When making a choice between an activity that is useful and an activity that is enjoyable,a. people everywhere tend to prefer useful tasks over enjoyable ones.b. Asian Canadians are less likely
3. Which of the following is not one of the six basic emotions? a angerb. surprisec. disgustd. sadness e shame
4. Research on facial expressions across cultures indicates that the expressions Americans make for the basic emotionsa. are largely unrecognizable by people from other cultures.b. are recognized by
5. Research reveals that, in contrast to Westerners, the preferred kinds of emotions for East Asians area. low-arousal positive states.b. feelings of group pride.c. feelings of interpersonal
6. Which statement is true about languages around the world?a. They all have words that correspond to the basic emotions, but often not for other emotions.b. Some do not have emotion words that
1. Do you think you can experience the emotion liget the same way as an llongot? What's the basis for your answer?
2. What is the primary difference between the James-Lange theory and the two-factor theory of emotion?
3. If you express your emotions with your face, would people from all over the world be equally accurate at identifying how you're feeling? Who do you think would be the poorest at it?
4. Why do cultures vary in terms of what part of the face people focus on when judging other people's facial expressions?
5. How do cultural display rules influence the emotions people actually experience?
6. Do you think you experience the emotion schadenfreude in the same way, and to the same degree, as the average German speaker?
7. Do you think the pursuit of happiness should be equally valued across cultures? 8. Why do you think North Americans and Latin Americans tend to value high-arousal positive emotions more than East
Many physical characteristics that people find attractive in others are common crossculturally. In terms of interpersonal attraction, people everywhere prefer a clear complexion, bilateral facial
Standards for a beautiful body vary across cultures. The current Western ideal of a slender female body was not prevalent in the West even a generation ago, and in many cultures, a heavier body is
People are universally attracted to those with whom they interact the most. 1 he similiarityattraction effect, however, does not generalize to the same degree in all cultures.
All relationships are based on one or more of four fundamental relational models: communal sharing, authority ranking, equality matching, and market pricing. Cross-culturally, different societies
A key to understanding cultural variability in close relationships is relational mobility, the amount of freedom people have to move between relationships. People with high relational mobility are
Residential mobility is an indicator of the frequency of changing residences, and therefore the associated number of possible new relationship opportunities.
Ghana is a low-relational-mobility society. For Ghanaians, friendship has costs due to obligations, so they are generally more cautious toward friends than people from Western cultures. Ghanaians are
The experience of romantic love is universal, yet its emphasis varies across cultures. Two of the elements of romantic love, intimacy and passion, are stronger in high-relationalmobility contexts;
The functions of marriage in the U.S. have changed throughout history, starting as an institution that met basic needs, including food production, child care, and safety.Marriage became more focused
Arranged marriages are common in many current and traditional cultures, with little or no focus on romantic love in the early stages. In contrast, the norm in many other cultures is love marriage, in
Cultures that have extended family systems are more likely to have arranged marriages than cultures with nuclear family systems.
1. Which of the following would not be considered universally attractive? a A person whose face does not have features of abnormal size. b A person with an average-sized body.c. A person whose left
2. An example of communal sharing is a people exchanging Christmas gifts with each other.b. buying something from eBay, where the seller's relationship with the buyer is Independent of price. C a
3. What is the argument for why West Africans are more concerned about enemies than are North Americans?a. Africa is a more physically dangerous environment than North America, so any harmful
4. Because Juan Daniel, who is Latin American, scores very highly on a measure of simptico,a. only other Latin Americans will enjoy smooth social interactions with Juan Daniel.b. its impact will not
5. Physically attractive people in Ghana a do not seem to experience the same benefits in life as attractive Westerners.b. have more symmetrical features than physically attractive people in the
6. Sanjay is an Indian male who has been in an arranged marriage for 15 years. Sana is an Indian female who has been in a love marriage for more than 10 years. Which person is likely to be happier?a.
1. What beauty standards do you think differ most across cultures?
2. How does the mere exposure effect relate to the propinquity effect?
3. Which of the four basic relational models characterize your relationship with your best friend?

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