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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

What kinds of things can you personally do to prevent stereotypes from affecting the judgments you make about other people?
What is incidental emotion? Which moods and emotions affect stereotype use? Describe the theories that have been proposed to explain these effects.
What are intergroup emotions? Describe the models of intergroup emotions proposed by Cottrell and Neuberg (2005) and by Cuddy and her colleagues(2007). In what ways are these models similar and in
What implications do the theories of intergroup emotions have for understanding prejudice?
How are intergroup emotions related to behavior?
Describe Sternberg’s theory of hate. What are the components of hate? How is hate aroused and maintained? How can hate be controlled?
What is genocide? What role do motions play in motivating genocidal murder?
How do individual differences affect intergroup emotions?
What is intergroup anxiety? What causes it? Explain the process by which intergroup anxiety leads to prejudice.
Debate the following proposition: The consequences of intergroup anxiety should not be considered to be prejudice because it is normal for people to feel anxious when they are in new situations, such
What is empathy? Describe how it is related to prejudice.
Describe the types of motivation to control prejudice proposed by Dunton and Fazio (1997) and Plant and Devine (1998). In what ways are these models similar and in what ways are they different? Which
Plant and her colleagues have found that people with high scores on external motivation to control prejudice express more prejudice than people with low scores. How do they explain this apparent
What are social norms? How are they related to prejudice? What experiences have you had with social norms and the expression of prejudice?
Describe the two models of the development of motivation to control prejudice.
The results of research show that, in some ways, White Americans are less prejudiced than they were prior to World War II, but that in other ways prejudice and discrimination continue. What causes
Theories of contemporary prejudice are based on the assumptions that most White Americans truly believe in the principle of racial equality but that they have been socialized into being prejudiced to
What is modern-symbolic prejudice? How does it differ from old-fashioned prejudice? In what ways is it similar to old-fashioned prejudice?
Describe the five themes that characterize modern-symbolic prejudice.
Describe the psychological bases of modern-symbolic prejudice.
Explain the two meanings that the term equality can have.
Describe the behavioral effects of modern-symbolic prejudice.
Several criticisms have been made of the concept of modern-symbolic prejudice.These include the following: (a) Modern-symbolic prejudice is not a new form of prejudice; it is just old-fashioned
What is aversive prejudice? Describe its characteristics. What are its psychological bases?
Describe the effects that aversive prejudice can have on behavior. Under what circumstances do people with aversive prejudice exhibit positive behavior toward members of minority groups and under
Some people say that because it is natural to feel uncomfortable in an unfamiliar situation, such as when a White person interacts with a member of a minority group, that discomfort does not really
Bridget Dunton and Russell Fazio (1997) have suggested that some people avoid interracial contact to avoid conflicts that their racial attitudes might cause. Ashby Plant and Patricia Devine (1998)
Explain the concept of ambivalent prejudice. What causes ambivalence?What psychological effects does ambivalence have?
What does the term response amplification mean? Under what circumstances does positive amplification occur and under what circumstances does negative amplification occur? How are these circumstances
Some researchers think that response amplification is a conscious choice whereas others think it arises from unconscious processes. Which do you think is true? What are your reasons for taking that
Describe Gerard Kleinpenning and Louk Hagendoorn’s (1993) continuum of prejudices.
What are the characteristics of unprejudiced people? Why do you think that so little research has been conducted on nonprejudice compared to the vast amount of research on prejudice? Similarly, why
The section on contemporary forms of prejudice provided a number of examples of these prejudices. What other examples can you think of? Which forms of prejudice do your examples represent? Explain
What is benevolent prejudice? Glick and Fiske (2001a) propose that benevolent prejudice has the same net effect of hostile prejudice of restraining its targets’ freedom. Do you agree or disagree?
Peter Glick and Susan Fiske (2001a) have suggested that the positive beliefs that people with ambivalent prejudice hold about members of minority groups and the positive emotions they feel toward
Have you observed or experienced instances of benevolent prejudice? If so, describe them.
Describe the two forms of hostile prejudice that Fiske and her colleagues(2002) have proposed. What factors do they say lead to the different types of prejudice postulated by their model?
Explain authoritarianism as conceptualized by Adorno and his colleagues(1950) and by Altemeyer (1981). In what ways are those conceptualizations similar and in what ways do they differ?
Describe the characteristics of people high in right-wing authoritarianism(RWA) that may predispose them to prejudice. How are these characteristics related to the ones described in Chapter 4 that
Explain the role authority figures play in shaping the prejudices of people high in RWA.
What is social dominance orientation (SDO)? In what ways is it similar to RWA and it what ways does it differ from RWA?
Describe the characteristics of people high in SDO that may predispose them to prejudice. How are these characteristics related to the ones described in Chapter 4 that are associated with a
Explain the concept of legitimizing myths as it is used in social dominance theory.
Think back to Chapter
Do any of the theories of contemporary prejudice postulate that people use what social dominance theory calls legitimizing myths to justify their prejudices? If so, what are those myths?
Explain the distinction between self-esteem enhancement and self-esteem protection as motives for prejudice. How are these motives related to the ones described in Chapter 4 that are associated with
What are the two hypotheses that can be derived from the self-enhancement view of the role self-esteem plays in prejudice? What has research on these hypotheses found? What explanations have been
What has research on the relationship between self-esteem protection motives and prejudice found?
What are values? Describe the value orientations that have been studied in relation to prejudice. How is each related to prejudice? What processes have linked each value orientation to prejudice?
Explain how the perception of value dissimilarity can lead to prejudice.What individual difference variables are related to this process?
Describe the terror management theory explanation for the role played by perceived value dissimilarity in prejudice.
Describe the attribution-value explanation for the role played by perceived value dissimilarity in prejudice. How are perceptions of a group’s naturalness and entitativity related to this process?
What are social ideologies? In what ways do religion and political orientation fit the definition of an ideology? In what ways do they not fit that definition?
Allport (1954) wrote that religion “makes prejudice and it unmakes prejudice” (p. 444). What did he mean by that? What light has subsequent research shed on his statement?
Describe the relationship of religious involvement to prejudice. Why were religious leaders and psychology of religion researchers displeased by these findings? What new approach did researchers take?
Explain the concepts of intrinsic and extrinsic religious orientation. In theory, how should each be related to prejudice? What has research shown about how each is related to prejudice?
Debate the following proposition: Intrinsically religious people are no less prejudiced than anyone else; they are just more motivated to give socially desirable responses to questions about
Explain the concept of quest as a religious orientation. How is it related to prejudice?
What is meant by proscribed and permitted prejudices? We used racial prejudice as an example of a proscribed prejudice and anti-gay attitudes as an example of a permitted prejudice. What other
Describe how each of the three religious orientations is related to proscribed and permitted prejudices.
Define religious fundamentalism. How is it related to prejudice? What seem to be its major psychological components? How might each of these components contribute to fundamentalism’s relationship
Allport (1954) wrote that “piety may … be a convenient mask for prejudices which … have nothing to do with religion” (p. 447). What did he mean?
Researchers generally find a positive correlation between political conservatism and prejudice. What explanations have been offered to account for that relationship?
Describe the relationship between political liberalism and prejudice.
Researchers generally find a positive correlation between political conservatism and attitudes toward social policies, such as affirmative action, that are intended to increase intergroup equality.
Debate the following proposition: Political conservatism may be a convenient mask for prejudices that have nothing to do with politics.
The chapter opens with an excerpt from an interview with a White research participant. In what ways were your own childhood experiences with prejudice similar to or different from this person’s
Jane Elliott’s brown eyes/blue eyes exercise was first conducted in the late 1960s. Do you think that this exercise would have the same impact on children today? Explain why or why not.
Explain why it is useful for children to categorize people, objects, and events in their environments.
Based on the research literature, provide evidence that infants have implicit awareness of certain social categories.
Explain how the doll technique is used to study children’s explicit awareness of social categories. What have researchers found out about children’s category awareness using this technique?
Describe the differences between implicit and explicit awareness of social categories. Do you think the two are related? Explain why or why not.
Explain the distinction between social categorization and prejudice.
Do you think that there is a distinction between preference and prejudice?Explain why or why not.
Describe the methodological difference between forced choice and continuous measures of prejudice and provide an example of each.
What is sociometrics? Discuss the two types of sociometric techniques used to study racial prejudice in children.
Describe the patterns of racial attitudes for White and Black children. Are they the same or different? Are Black children’s racial attitudes similar to those of other racial minority groups? If
Describe the difference between ingroup favoritism and outgroup prejudice.Why is it important for researchers to be able to separate these attitudes from one another?
What is the relationship between children’s intergroup attitudes and their intergroup behavior?
Describe the origins of gender-based prejudice during toddlerhood.
Explain how gender constancy relates to developing a gender identity. How do you think gender constancy relates to the development of other-sex prejudice?
What roles do experience, environment, and culture play in the development of gender preferences?
According to social learning theories of prejudice, children can be taught prejudice directly and indirectly. Give one example of direct teaching of prejudice and one example of indirect teaching of
Explain how the development of personality influences the development of prejudice.
Use Duckitt’s (2001) model to explain how child-rearing practices affect personality and prejudice.
Do you think that authoritarian beliefs can be learned? Explain why or why not.
Explain the ways in which the cognitive developmental, social learning, inner state, and developmental intergroup theories of prejudice are similar and differ from one another.
Based on your own experiences, which theory of the development of prejudice makes the most sense to you? Why?
In discussing explicit awareness of social categories, we noted that children develop an understanding of the categories “White” and “Black” earlier than other categories. What processes
Figure 8.1 shows that within each age group minority children, and especially black children, show a more complex understanding of racism.How would each of the four theories of prejudice development
How would developmental intergroup theory explain the development of gender prejudice?
What possible explanations are there for the reduction of prejudice found around age 7 or 8? Which explanation do you prefer? Why?
What was the basis for expecting that school desegregation would reduce prejudice? What factors contributed to its short-term success or failure?What long-term effects has it had?
Did you attend a desegregated elementary, middle, or high school? If so, how well did the school environment embody the conditions for effective intergroup contact? What effect did these factors have
What is cooperative learning? Explain why cooperative learning programs should reduce prejudice. How well do they work? What limitations do they have?
Have you ever been involved in a cooperative learning situation? If so, how well did the situation embody the conditions for effective intergroup contact? What effect did these factors have on your
What are multicultural and anti-bias education? What are their goals? How effective are they at reducing prejudice?
How could the principles of the four theories of the development of prejudice be used to design programs to reduce prejudice in children?
Describe the realistic conflict theory of prejudice.
Using Table 9.1 as a guide, describe how intergroup conflicts now taking place in various parts of the world fit Duckitt’s model.

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