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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

2. If someone is leading a multicultural team, what could they do to maximize productivity?
3. Describe the aspects of individualism and collectivism that are associated with creative thinking and innovation.
4. In what ways do you think a workplace would change if salaries were based on seniority rather than merit?
5. Altruistic punishment seems to be common around the world. Why do you think antisocial punishment is common in some societies?
6. If you had the power to change a society to make people less motivated to behave corruptly, what should you do?
7. Supposed you're negotiating with a business team from China. What strategies would likely lead to the best outcomes for both teams?
The chapter opened with a quote from Martin Luther King’s “I Have a Dream” speech. What parts of his dream of racial equality have been realized? What parts have not?
The oak tree outside Jena High School, mentioned in the chapter opening, has since been cut down. What effect do you believe this will have on race relations in Jena, Louisiana? Why?
We reviewed how historical events in the United States have influenced the study of stereotyping and prejudice. Think about the 9/11 terrorist attack and others that have occurred on U.S. soil. How
If race is not a biological category, why do social distinctions, based on race, continue to be supported by our society?
Should race be included on the census? What are the advantages and disadvantages of collecting this information?
Describe three ways to make people more aware of their culture and its influence on their behavior. How might this awareness affect their future behavior?
What is group privilege? Do you believe the effects of privilege are stronger for some privileged groups than for others? Why or why not?
Allan Johnson (2006) has suggested that social class influences the extent to which Whites resist giving up their privileged status. If this is true, which social class would you expect to be more
How do social scientists differentiate between stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination?
Prejudice is most commonly viewed as the dominant group’s attitude toward subordinate groups. Can minority groups be prejudiced against the majority? Explain your answer.
Why, in the United States, is prejudice generally assumed to refer to Whites’prejudice against Blacks?
Why has racial prejudice had such an important influence on social science research?
Design a study to examine stereotypic beliefs a minority group holds about the majority group.
Think about the distinction between interpersonal and cultural discrimination.Can one exist without the other? Why or why not?
How are institutional discrimination and organizational discrimination similar? How are they different?
Distinguish between the psychodynamic, sociocultural, intergroup relations, cognitive, and evolutionary perspectives on prejudice.
Describe how stereotyping and prejudice are different for different “isms.”
What assumptions do researchers make about persons with disabilities? How might research questions be different if researchers did not make those assumptions?
Why do you believe legislators find it is acceptable to propose laws that discriminate against gays and lesbians?
Outline the steps in the research process.
Explain the relationships among theoretical postulates, hypotheses, and predictions.
Explain the concepts of hypothetical construct and operational definition.
Explain the relationship between the methods used to manipulate and measure variables and the concept of operational definition.
What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative data? For each type of data, explain how researchers decide if the data support their hypotheses.
Describe the factors that affect the ways in which researchers interpret the meaning of their data. Give an example of situation that you know of (perhaps from a previous course) in which different
What does the term generalizability mean? Why is the generalizability of research results important?
How are theories in behavioral science related to the applied use of behavioral science knowledge?
Explain the differences among correlation, experimentation, ethnography, and content analysis as ways of collecting data. What strengths and limitations does each entail?
What is the difference between probability sampling and convenience sampling?What is the relationship between the kind of sampling used in a study and the generalizability of the results of the study?
What does it mean if two variables have a correlation of r = .40? What does it mean if two variables have a correlation of r = –.60? Which of those two correlations represents the stronger
Explain the three criteria for drawing causal conclusions from research data.Based on these criteria, to what extent is it correct to draw causal conclusions from surveys, experiments, ethnographic
In experimental research, what roles do the independent and dependent variables play?What does the term conditions of the independent variable refer to?
Explain the relative strengths and weaknesses of laboratory experiments, field experiments, and experiments within surveys.
Suppose a researcher found that men had higher prejudice scores than women. Would it be correct to conclude that being male causes people to be more prejudiced? Explain your answer.
Some researchers contend that ethnographic research and content analysis are inherently flawed because they require researchers to get too involved with their research topics and, in the case of
Explain the concepts of reliability and validity of measurement. How are reliability and validity related to one another?
Explain the concepts of convergent and discriminant validity. Why is it important to demonstrate that a measure has both?
Describe the ways in which researchers can use self-reports to assess stereotypes, prejudice, and behavior.
What is social desirability response bias? To what extent is it a problem for each of the four types of measures?
Explain the relative strengths and weaknesses of self-report, unobtrusive, physiological, and implicit cognition measures of prejudice.
Self-report measures assess controllable expressions of prejudice whereas the other measures assess uncontrollable expressions of prejudice. Is this difference a problem or an advantage for research
Choose an aspect of prejudice that interests you. If you were going to conduct a study on that topic, what research strategy would you use and what type (or types) of measure would you use? Explain
Explain why people categorize.
Think of the social categories you use most frequently. Are they at the basic category or the subtype level?
Sometimes it is difficult to determine a person’s gender by their physical appearance. Based on what you know about categorization, what do you think people do in this situation?
Describe the minimal group paradigm.
List and describe sources of stereotypic beliefs. Which do you believe are more important?
Do you think people today are more likely to hold stereotypes than those who lived before television and movies? Why or why not?
Describe the development of stereotypes about Blacks and Whites using the tenets of social role theory.
What are illusory correlations? Specifically, how are they formed and why do they lead to stereotyping?
Give an example of a one-shot illusory correlation.
How does language influence the development of stereotyping?
Should your college or university allow faculty who have heavy foreign accents to teach? Why or why not?
Think of some of your favorite songs. Do they contain racial or gender stereotypes? If so, how common do you think this is and what effect does it have on your perceptions of other groups?
What is the outgroup homogeneity effect and what are the reasons this effect emerges?
Describe the ultimate attribution error.
Distinguish between two of the measures of stereotype accuracy we described: percentage estimates and perceived dispersion.
Do you believe researchers should explore whether stereotypes are accurate?Why or why not?
If researchers demonstrate that some stereotypes are accurate, do you think this information could be exploited, for example by members of hate groups? If so, in what way?
How accurate is the stereotype that women are better caregivers than men?Base your answer on the shifting standards model.
Describe three functions stereotypes might serve.
How might you change a stereotype that serves an ego-defensive function?
Why would people attend to novel, unique events, but recall stereotypeconsistent information about social groups?
Describe the ways in which stereotypes can bias memory.
Describe some ways in which biased interpretation of behavior and biased memory could influence real-life situations in which interpretations and memory are important, such as eyewitness testimony,
Explain the difference between abstract and concrete language use. How does this lead to the intergroup linguistic bias?
Explain how a self-fulfilling prophecy operates.
Describe the three models of stereotype change.
Distinguish between dispersed and concentrated disconfirmation.
Do you believe subtyping is a model of stereotype change or stereotype maintenance? Explain your answer.
Do you think the most popular videos, posted on websites such as You Tube, are likely to portray stereotypic images? If so, how might that work to maintain stereotypic beliefs?
Draw a diagram of the stereotyping process from categorization through stereotype activation to stereotype application. At each stage, include the factors that affect the process at that point.
What happens during the categorization process? Describe the factors that influence how an onlooker categorizes another person.
Reread Box 4.1. Do you agree or disagree with Jordan Lite’s belief that American society places an undue emphasis on racial categorization as a factor in interpersonal relations? Explain the
Why might it be important to try to avoid viewing other people in terms of their social categories, especially in “real world” interactions? Do you think that it is possible to avoid
Stereotype activation is said to be an automatic process. What does that mean? What is it about social categories and stereotypes that makes the activation process automatic?
Describe the factors that influence the degree to which stereotypes are activated.
What does it mean to say that motives, needs, and goals play a role in stereotype activation? Under what conditions is motivation most likely to affect stereotype activation?
Explain how each of the following motives affects stereotype activation:comprehension, self-enhancement, social adjustment, and motivation to control prejudice.
Explain how the various motives can interact to affect stereotype activation.
How do moods affect the activated stereotype?
How long does a stereotype stay activated? If stereotypes can dissipate relatively quickly, how is it that they can have an influence during a relatively lengthy interaction?
Explain why both motivation and ability are necessary to inhibit the application of an activated stereotype.
What does the term individuating information mean? What role does it play in stereotyping? Why can stereotypes still have an influence in the face of individuating information?
What motivates people to seek out individuating information about others?
What cognitive style variables are related to stereotype application? What kind of effect does each have?
Explain why power holders are likely to stereotype their subordinates.Assume that you are an upper-level manager in an organization. What could you do to reduce stereotyping by power holders? Explain
Describe the various cognitive factors that reduce the opportunity to inhibit stereotyping.
Describe how individual differences in levels of prejudice affect each stage of the process and explain why prejudice has the effect it does at that stage.
A factor involved in both stereotype activation and application is the availability or unavailability of cognitive resources. Describe the role of cognitive resources in these processes and explain
Describe the role of self-enhancement in stereotype activation and application and explain why it has the effect it does.
Describe how stereotypes can influence the interpretation of behaviors performed by members of stereotyped groups.
Describe how stereotypes can influence judgments made about members of stereotyped groups and of the cultures of those groups.
Explain how stereotypes result in shifting standards for evaluation of members of stereotyped and nonstereotyped groups. What effects do these shifting standards have? Create an example of shifting

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