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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

4. Why is the similarity-attraction effect weaker in low-relational-mobility contexts?
5. Why does physical attractiveness seem to be associated with less well-being in Ghana and in the rural United States, compared to the urban U.S.?
6. Given what you've learned about relational mobility, in what contexts do you think people would invest larger portions of their income in cosmetics and clothes to make them look more attractive?
7. If you accepted a lifetime job in a small town, how do you think your attitudes toward relationships would change from what they are now?
8. From an evolutionary perspective, why do humans have romantic love? Why don't salmon seem to have love?
9. What do you think are the pros and cons of arranged marriages compared to love marriages?
10. Why do you think arranged marriages have been on the decline in most parts of the world?
People do not share the same foundation for morality around the wor root of many disagreements both between and within cultures
Because people are socialized with respect, to a particular set of moral values, it is i icult to consider other viewpoints without being ethnocentric.
Kohlberg proposed that people universally progress through three levels of mor(preconventional, conventional, and postconventional), which all reflect a com - in or justice and individual rights.
Kohlberg's model incorporates one of three codes of ethics: the ethic of autono i Westerners of high socioeconomic status who tend to have progressive religions views generally make moral decisions
The ethic of community maintains that people have duties toward others that they are morally obligated to uphold. In India and China, and other interdependent cultures, people generally make moral
The ethic of divinity is a value system in which actions that violate the perceived natural order of things in God's sacred world are considered immoral. This ethic is common with Westerners of low
An expansion of the three codes of ethics corresponds to five moral intuitions. The ethic of autonomy captures avoiding harm and protecting fairness. The ethic of community involves ingroup loyalty
Views on morality often differ according to people's political attitudes. Liberals are primarily concerned with avoiding harm and protecting fairness; conservatives are also concerned about ingroup
Achievement motivation is valued in Protestant societies, based on the concept that working hard to fulfill one's calling and the resulting material rewards are evidence of God's favor.
Protestantism, unlike Catholicism and Judaism, does not have a mechanism for reducing guilt by confession or atonement . Protestants channel guilt toward productive ends, by working harder and
Religion influences moral reasoning. Protestants generally view thoughts in moral terms, believing that thoughts are relatively controllable and lead to future behaviors. Jews tend not to view
1. Which of the following statements contrasting the moral reasoning of Indians and Americans is true? a Americans are more likely than Indians to offer help to a stranger in minor need.b. Americans
2. The fact that some Muslim protestors were upset at the publication of cartoons about Muhammad best reflects a the ethic of community.b. preconventional reasoningc. conventional reasoning.d. the
3. Which of the following was not a belief to emerge from the Protestant Reformation? a b People have an individualized relationship with God. People are inherently good.c. It has been decided,
4. Aaron believes it would be acceptable for someone to have sex with a chicken if that behavior was consistent with cultural norms. This is an example ofa. the morality of personal choice.b.
5. Which of the following about the research on political identity and morality is true? a The more conservative one is, the more one is concerned about all five moral intuitions.b. The more liberal
6. Benny and Matthew are good friends. Benny is Jewish and Matthew is Protestant Which of the following should be true about the two friends?a. Matthew is more likely than Benny to believe that
1. Why is ethnocentrism a more central issue for the cross-cultural study of morality than for most of the other topics in this book?
2. What moral ethic do you think is most on display in the constitution of your country?
3. If you were in Ben's situation in the vignette about moral obligations, would you steal the ticket if that was the only way you could get to your friend's wedding? What code of ethics is most
4. Think about your feelings about capital punishment, and try to articulate whether you consider it to be right or wrong. Which of the five moral intuitions best characterizes your thoughts?
5. Liberals tend to rely largely on the moral intuitions of avoiding harm and protecting fairness, whereas conservatives rely more on all five moral intuitions. It would seem that a good way to
6. Consider your own perspective on Max Weber's argument that capitalism was fostered by particular Protestant beliefs. Do you think his theory is still relevant today for understanding differences
7. Do you see anything morally dubious in the vignette about Mr. B. fantasizing about having an affair with his colleague? Do your feelings about Mr. B. correspond to the morality of thoughts of
Genetic variation through environmental adaptation can affect physical health. Fair-skinned people have a greater risk of skin cancer in low latitudes, and Tibetans living at high altitudes are
Cultural selection pressures can influence the human genome. People whose were cattle farmers for many generations are more likely to have lactase persistence
People's biology can also vary across cultures with respect to acquired charac The Moken, whose livelihood depends on deep-sea diving, have the ability to focus their eyes to see well underwater.
Myopia has been increasing around the world. Nearsightedness is more common where people spend less time outdoors and more time doing close visual tasks, such as computer work and reading.
Obesity rates in the United States and France differ, partly because of different attitudes toward food, including portion size.
Sleep habits and patterns vary cross-culturally. People in various Asian countries sleep substantially less than people in many Western countries.
Socioeconomic status has a strong influence on physical health. Lower-SES people are more vulnerable to health problems than people with a comfortable income.
A key reason for the link between SES and health is that people are healthier when they have less financial stress and a greater sense of control over their lives.
Poverty can affect the quality of decision-making about health matters, because it leads people to adopt short-term strategies rather than make sound choices that would be better over the long term.
Certain cultural features interact with SES to affect health outcomes. African Americans tend to have poor health related to experiences with discrimination. Conversely, Latinos tend to have better
Because doctors are products of their cultures, medical understanding and approaches vary greatly across cultures. Even between highly industrialized societies such as France and the United States,
1. Lactase persistence is an example of gene-culture coevolution because a the genetic mutation for lactase persistence constitutes a form of transmitted culture.b. a cultural practice (dairy
2. Clarice is a patient in a hospital, and the doctors are hoping to improve her health while she stays there. Which of the following options is an example of something that has been shown to lead to
3. Which of the following statements is true? a European Americans are less susceptible to the leading causes of death than Latinos. unless you control for socioeconomic status, and then Latinos fare
4. The epidemiological paradox refers toa. why high-SES African Americans still have poorer health than high-SES European Americans.b. why Latinos have better health than European Americans.c. why
5. The most widespread theory of disease in traditional cultures is that a disease is caused by aggressive spirits, such as ghosts b disease is caused by violating taboosc. disease is caused by
6. Pierre visited his doctor because he had been feeling sick for some time. Based on what's known about medical practices around the world, we might expect that his French doctor would a recommend
1. Cultural experiences can influence the way people run. Explain how you think that happens.
2. What does it mean to say that gene-culture coevolution involves aspects of culture having the effect of changing the human genome?
3. What kind of evidence would show that a psychological difference between two groups of people is due to gene frequencies? What kind of evidence would show that a difference between two groups is
4. Why do you think portion sizes have increased so much more in the United States than in France?
5. Cultural differences in the amount of sleep people get around the world are dramatic but largely unexplained. Explain why Japanese people sleep so much less than North Americans and some Europeans.
6. Why do you think feeling a lack of control in life is related to the association between socioeconomic status and physical health?
7. Explain the epidemiological paradox
8. Doctors around the world have somewhat different beliefs about what constitutes a healthy lifestyle Describe the reasons, as you understand them.
Jou as normal psychological processes vary across cultures, so do psychological disorders, cental disorder involves behavior that is rare and causes impairment to the individual.
The extent of cultural shaping of mental conditions is most evident in culture-bound syn aomes, which are limited to certain locations and cultures. Bulimia and anorexia are culture-bound disorders
culture-bound disorders are found in non-Western populations, including hikikomori, dt'..”, and koro; they do not fit the formal diagnostic categories used by Western psychiatrists.
Urn\ rsally identifiable psychopathologies include depression, social anxiety disorder, schizophrenia, and suicide, but even these are experienced and interpreted in culturally variable ways.
Although depression is one of the most commonly identified mental illnesses, the prevalence and presentation vary across cultures. Symptoms of depression are more likely to be experienced physically
People in East Asia report higher levels of social anxiety than in the West, but they are diagnosed with social anxiety disorder at a lower rate.
A kind of anxiety disorder involving social situations in Japan is taijin kyoufushou, a culture-bound disorder involving a different set of symptoms than social anxiety disorder.
Schizophrenia is perhaps the most cross-culturally similar disorder, but there is cultural variation in the most common subtypes (paranoid and catatonic), as well as in the course of the illness.
The frequency rates of suicide vary across cultures, as do the tendencies and motivations involved.
The treatment of mental illnesses also varies across cultures. Various indigenous forms of therapeutic approaches have emerged around the world.
To be effective at treating the psychological problems of people from different cultures, therapists strive to achieve cultural competence.
1. Clinical diagnoses of social anxiety disorder are a largely constant across industrialized societies around the world. b higher in interdependent cultural contexts.c. lower among East Asians than
2. Which of the following questions does not represent a problem in defining the characteristics of a psychological disorder?a. When is behavior that interferes with one's life considered a
3. Which of the following people appears to have kufungisisa?a. Before sailing by sea, Person A forgot to pray to the local sea gods and is later overcome by drowsiness and sickness.b. After having
4. Based on the studies of Chinese, if Huang Bo is diagnosed with neurasthenia in China, which of the following Western diagnostic categories might be appropriate?a. latent catatonic schizophreniab.
5. How does taijin kyofushou (TKS) differ from social anxiety disorder?a. TKS is a more debilitating condition than social anxiety disorderb. Social anxiety disorder is only found in the West, and
6. Jeeyoung is an East Asian student who is going through a tough time Given her emotional situation, which of the following is she most likely to do in order to feel better? a Seek professional
2. Why isn't hikikomori found as often in the West as it is in Japan?In what ways is dhat syndrome a culture-bound syndrome?
3. If depression in China is associated more with somatized symptoms compared to the symptoms of depression in the West, how would you explain that the two kinds of depression reflect the same
4. What is the role of stigma in interpreting cultural variations in the prevalence of mental disorders?
5. Describe the difference between social anxiety disorder and taijin kyoufushou.
6. Why do you think people with schizophrenia tend to fare better in less-developed societies compared to modern industrialized societies?What aspects of psychoanalysis reflect its Western cultural
8. How is social support perceived differently between East Asians and Westerners?
9. Describe the kinds of considerations a Western therapist must take into account when treating a client from an unfamiliar cultural background who is presenting an unfamiliar set of symptoms?
When people work in teams, the tendency for social loafing or social striving depends on how the group, not individual contributors, is evaluated.
Cultural diversity in the workplace has advantages and disadvantages. Multi j tural groups can have communication and cohesion problems but more creativity and better problem-solving skills.
Creativity involves the generation of ideas that are novel as well as usefula- >[joropriate.Innovation is generally more characteristic of individualistic Western societie , and collectivistic East
The GLOBE research program identified key dimensions of leadership, describing various types, including leaders who are charismatic/value-based, team-oriented, humaneoriented, autonomous,
Charismatic leadership is valued in the U.S., Australia, and Canada. Europeans are more ambivalent towards leaders. Latin Americans prefer strong team-oriented leaders, whereas Asians value
Forms of social influence characterize various cultures, such as guanxi in China, waste in the Arab world, jeitinho in Brazil, and nemawashi in Japan
Global leaders guide a diverse workforce, and must be cosmopolitan, knowledgeable, flexible, and able to tolerate ambiguity.
Resources are distributed on the basis of three principles of distributive justice: need, equality, and equity. The principle of equity generally dominates in individualistic Western societies,
Motivations for fairness and justice are stronger among people with experience with economic markets, and those who have been exposed to a world religion.
Cultures with weaker norms for civic cooperation support antisocial punishment in public goods games.
Corrupt behaviors vary cross-culturally; acts of deception and corruption are more common in societies where such behavior goes unpunished. Corrupt countries are more likely to have high levels of
Collectivistic societies have stronger norms for cooperating with ingroup members than those in more individualistic settings.
People in individualistic cultures typically use competitive adversarial negotiation strategies and direct communication and show anger. In collectivistic societies, negotiators are more likely to
1. A group of participants is given a hammer. They are asked to collectively strike the hammer onto a pad as hard as possible. Under which of the following circumstances would people try less hard on
2. You are leading a group of researchers from Japan and the United States to come up with innovations for the design of cars, in order for your company to apply for a patent on a new invention.
3. Which of the following best describes leaders who try to motivate employees to follow their core beliefs?a. An autonomous leaderb. A paternalistic leaderc. A global leaderd. A
4. In research on reward allocation among Indians and Americans, the researchers did not find that
5.a. Indians are equally as likely as Americans to observe the principle of equalityb. Americans are more likely than Indians to base their decisions on meritc. Americans are more likely than Indians
6. In negotiations, which of the following statements is true?a. People from collectivistic cultures are more likely than those from individualistic cultures to seek assistance from a third party to
1. What might managers in organizations do to try to get their employees to engage in less social loafing?

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