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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

Jamia, a server at a restaurant, has a problem remembering older information that is caused by receiving newer information. Specifically, when a customer asks her for something, it causes her to
A group of students take an exam in the same room where they studied for it. The match between where they learned the information and where they remember it is called _____________ _____________.a.
_____________ is grouping pieces of information together in a meaningful way to enhance memory.a. Primingb. Recognitionc. Recalld. Chunking
_____________ _____________ is the increased connectivity between simultaneously stimulated neurons that form the biological basis of memory.
_____________ _____________ is an early part of the memory process in which the senses take in and very briefly hold information.Level of processing refers to _____________.a. how severe a case of
According to the information processing model, the three steps of memory are _________.a. encoding, processing, and storageb. encoding, storage, and retrievalc. processing, retrieval, and
2. Consider the number of brightly lit screens to which you expose your eyes and your suprachiasmatic nucleus every night: TVs, computers, tablets, smartphones, and perhaps even more. How much time
1. Many undergraduate students have worked the night shift, either parttime or full-time. Some of you may be doing so now. Others may have a friend or family member who has worked night shifts. What
10 _____ is awareness of your moment-to-moment experiences, fully, deliberately, and without distraction.
_____ is problematic drug use that persists in spite of serious negative consequences.Barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and alcohol are all examples of _____.a. stimulantsb. hallucinogensc. opiatesd.
Sean starts using a drug on a regular basis. Eventually, he needs higher doses of the drug to achieve the same effect that a lower dose had earlier.Sean is exhibiting a(n) _____ to this drug.
Which of the following is true about psychoactive drugs?a. All psychoactive drugs are illegal.b. No psychoactive drugs cause tolerance or withdrawal.c. Psychoactive drugs are substances that alter
_____ is an altered state of consciousness in which one person, the participant, becomes very suggestible to another person, the hypnotist.a. Hypnosisb. Sleep apneac. Sleepwalkingd. Déjà vu
Research on the dreams of people with depression shows that:a. people with depression don’t dream.b. people with depression dream about five times as much as people without depression.c. dreams
Anthony experiences _____, which involves sleep “attacks” happening at any time of day.a. sleep terrorsb. sleep apneac. insomniad. narcolepsy
Lanesha is dreaming. Lanesha is most likely to be in which stage of sleep?a. REM sleepb. stage 1 sleepc. stage 2 sleepd. stage 3 sleep
_____ is your awareness of yourself and your surroundings.a. REM sleepb. Consciousnessc. Insomniad. Circadian rhythm
2. Young babies all respond similarly to various kinds of music, but they soon become accustomed to music from their own culture. Do you know from your parents or other caretakers how this worked in
1. Experience shapes your difference thresholds. What do you have a lot of experience with? Do you have a difference threshold to match? Do you have areas of expertise in which you can notice subtle
10 A person experiencing problems with the vestibular sense is most likely to havea. a very high difference threshold when tasting food.b. a tendence to fall down because of an inability to stay
The _____ is the spiral fluid-filled structure in your inner ear that sends sound waves to the brain via the auditory nerve._____ is your sense of smell.
_____ is an organized whole that is perceived as different from just the sum of its parts.What’s the function of your pinna?a. to enhance the ability of your taste budsb. to guide sound in the
Cones are receptor cellsa. in your nose.b. in your ear.c. in your eye that detect shades of gray.d. in your eye that detect color.
When you tell someone your eye color, you’re really telling them the color of your _____, the circular muscle in the center of your eye.a. retinab. lensc. cornead. iris
When you are in a noisy crowd of people, you have the ability to tune out other conversations to concentrate on yours, yet you may also notice your name if it is mentioned in another conversation.
_____ is the ability of your sensory organs to pick up energy in the environment around the body and transmit it to your brain.Your ability to determine whether the amount of salt varies between two
2. Increasingly, lawyers use brain images to defend their clients in court(Meixner, 2015; Teitcher, 2011; Bonnie & Scott, 2013; Farah, 2010). In three recent court cases, juries deciding whether a
1. If you saw a psychotherapist, you’d probably measure your improvement by describing changes in your behaviors, thoughts, or feelings. However, those ways of assessing improvement can be
10 What’s the main difference between magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)?a. An MRI shows the brain’s structure, but an fMRI shows the brain’s
When information passes from one neuron to the next, it specifically moves through the _____ _____ of the first neuron into the _____ of the second neuron.a. interneurons; myelin sheathb. receptor
Which of the following is true about your frontal lobe?a. It is located at the back and base of your brain, near the spinal cord.b. It is involved in complex thinking tasks, planning, and other
Ashley experienced a brain injury in a car accident. Since the injury, her ability to see is impaired. Damage to which lobe of Ashley’s brain is most likely to be responsible for the sight
In split-brain surgery, what gets cut?a. the parietal lobeb. Wernicke’s areac. the medullad. the corpus callosum
Compared to the brains of other species, human brains have a high proportion of _____, which are devoted to synthesizing and interpreting information rather than just taking information in.a.
The _____ is the part of your limbic system most directly involved in emotion, especially fear.a. cerebellumb. corpus callosumc. amygdalad. pons
The cells that facilitate communication within your nervous system are called _____.What’s the main function of the parasympathetic division of your autonomic nervous system?a. to rev up your body
2. I have noticed a strong positive correlation in my own life: when I do more laundry, I’m in a better mood. I first noticed this correlation in college, when I tended to feel a bit more upbeat
1. When you think about your own culture, your first thought may be your ethnicity or your race. But there may be many other cultural variables that are at least as important. As a clinical
10 The goal of _____ research is to determine the cause-and-effect relationship between two variables by manipulating one variable and observing changes in the second variable.
Dr. Matsumi is a psychologist who conducts research on how people make group decisions. Specifically, she’s interested in learning more about how important it is to members of groups to avoid
A group of psychologists conduct a research study to determine the connection between the number of hours of sleep teenagers get per night and their grade point average. This study is best described
According to the biopsychosocial theory, the three types of factors that influence behavior are _____ factors, _____ factors, and _____ factors.Psychology is a _____, which means that psychologists
The contemporary, or “new,” schools of psychology include _____, _____, and _____.a. psychoanalysis, multiculturalism, neuroscienceb. multiculturalism, neuroscience, evolutionary psychologyc.
The two academic fields from which psychology emerged are _____ and _____.
Dr. Jenkins is a psychologist who works with corporations and organizations to help them with hiring decisions and provide advice about the best ways for managers to supervise employees. Dr. Jenkins
Dr. Hernandez is a psychologist conducting research on shyness.Specifically, she compares the shyness of adopted children to the shyness of their adoptive parents and biological parents. Which of the
Discuss (and evaluate) ways of motivating students who need to learn and remember large amounts of information for a forthcoming examination.
Identify learning strategies popular with students. Why do students often make ineffective use of these strategies?
What is the testing effect? How has it been explained?
Discuss the method of loci and the story method. How effective are they likely to be in real-life situations?
Describe the levels-of-processing approach to memory. What are its strengths and limitations?
Discuss the roles played by heuristics and ‘blind variation’ in scientific creativity
To what extent can we explain the development of expertise in terms of deliberate practice? What other factors are important?
Discuss strategies used in problem solving. Why do problem solvers use these strategies?
How does past experience influence problem solving?
Why is eyewitness testimony often inaccurate and distorted in the laboratory? Can we generalise from laboratory findings to real-world settings?
Identify three different factors responsible for forgetting. Which is the most important and why?
Describe the various types of long-term memory and discuss evidence supporting their existence.
Describe the concepts of ‘short-term memory’ and ‘working memory’. Why has the working memory approach largely superseded the approach based on short-term memory?
What role does attention play in inattentional blindness and change blindness?
Why are we susceptible to visual illusions?
To what extent is object recognition viewpoint-invariant?
How do we achieve depth perception?
What are the strengths and limitations of the Gestalt approach to understanding perceptual organisation?
Consider the roles of specific and common factors in producing therapeutic success.
“Most forms of therapy are of comparable effectiveness.”Discuss ways in which this statement is oversimplified and misleading.
Discuss the strengths and limitations of drug therapy in the treatment of mental disorders.
Compare and contrast disorder-specific and transdiagnostic cognitive behavioural therapy in the treatment of anxiety disorders.
Discuss approaches to identifying the causes of mental disorders and possible problems in establishing the precise causes.
Diagnostic systems for mental disorders (e.g., DSM) are often based on assigning patients to various categories. Discuss limitations of the categorical approach.
What is “abnormality”? How can we decide whether a given individual’s behaviour should be regarded as “abnormal”?
Are most people motivated to enhance their self-esteem?What are the advantages and disadvantages of having high self-esteem?
How is the conception of the self influenced by cross-cultural and gender differences?
What are the main aspects of the self-concept? How does it develop during childhood and adolescence?
Discuss ways in which “emotional intelligence” can be measured. To what extent has the notion of “emotional intelligence” proved useful?1. How would you set about designing a questionnaire to
Describe factor theories of intelligence and Gardner’s multiple intelligences approach. What are the strengths and limitations of these approaches?
Discuss ways of assessing the relative role of heredity and environment in influencing individual differences in intelligence. Why do the findings vary considerably depending on the population being
Discuss possible definitions of “intelligence”. What are the main features of a good intelligence test?
Discuss the evolutionary approach to romantic attraction.What are the problems and limitations of this approach?
Describe implicit personality theory. To what extent does the evidence support this theory?
What is attribution theory? Identify its strengths and limitations.
How do crowds typically behave when confronted by a serious emergency? What factors are important in determining their behaviour in such circumstances?
What factors are involved in group decision making?
“The Stanford prison experiment proved that prison guards behave aggressively because of the power structure in prisons rather than because of their personality.” Discuss.
Discuss the strengths and limitations of research on obedience to authority. How relevant is this research to real-life situations?
What are some of the main reasons why people conform? To what extent should we criticise people for conforming?
When are bystanders likely to help a victim? When are they unlikely to help a victim?
What recommendations would you make for increasing children’s prosocial behaviour?
Describe cross-cultural differences and similarities in altruistic or prosocial behaviour. How can we explain these crosscultural findings?
How do evolutionary psychologists account for altruistic behaviour? What are the strengths and limitations of this account?
What advice would you give to a government seeking to reduce prejudice and discrimination in society?
What are the main factors leading to prejudice and discrimination?
What are stereotypes and how can they be assessed? What functions do they serve?
Define prejudice and discrimination. Why is the relationship between prejudice and discrimination relatively modest?
Compare and contrast the effects of divorce and child care on young children.
Compare and contrast the effects on children of deprivation and privation. What can be done to maximise the chances of children recovering from deprivation or privation?
What are some of the main factors influencing the nature of infants’ attachment to their mothers?
Describe and evaluate the Strange Situation test including a comparison of the categorical and dimensional approaches to assessing infants’ attachment to their mothers.
What is the “gender binary”? Why is there increasing criticism of the traditional approach based on the gender binary?
Compare and contrast the social cognitive and self-socialisation theories of gender development.

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