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social science
positive psychology
Questions and Answers of
Positive Psychology
1. Examine the effects of brain damage. After damage or temporary inactivation, what aspects of behavior are impairedpg78
15. What is meant by the binding problem, and what is necessary for binding to occurpg78
14. What are the functions of the prefrontal cortexpg78
13. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary motor cortexpg78
12. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary visual cortexpg78
11. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary somatosensory cortexpg78
10. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary auditory cortexpg78
8. Which area is the main source of input to the cerebral cortexpg78The drug phenylephrine is sometimes prescribed for people suffering from a sudden loss of blood pressure or other medical
7. Of the following, which are in the hindbrain, which in the midbrain, and which in the forebrain: basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, medulla, pituitary gland, pons, substantia
6. Which functions are controlled by the sympathetic nervous systempg78 Which are controlled by the parasympathetic nervous systempg78
5. Sensory nerves enter which side of the spinal cord, dorsal or ventralpg78
2. What term means toward the side, away from the midline, and what is its oppositepg78
1. What does dorsal mean, and what is its oppositepg78
2. The research on sensitization of the nucleus accumbens has dealt with addictive drugs, mainly cocaine.Would you expect a gambling addiction to have similar effectspg78 How could someone test this
1. People who take methylphenidate (Ritalin) for control of attention-deficit disorder often report that, although the drug increases their arousal for a while, they feel a decrease in alertness and
31. How does Antabuse workpg78
30. Who would be likely to drink more alcohol—someone who metabolizes acetaldehyde to acetic acid rapidly or one who metabolizes it slowlypg78
29. When addiction develops, how does the nucleus accumbens change its response to the addictive activity and to other reinforcementspg78
28. Someone who is quitting an addictive substance for the first time is strongly counseled not to try it again. Whypg78
26. Name at least two ways a gene could influence alcoholism.
25. Which type of alcoholism—Type I or Type II—has a stronger genetic basispg78 Which type has earlier onsetpg78
24. If incoming serotonin axons were destroyed, LSD would still have its full effects. However, if incoming dopamine axons were destroyed, amphetamine and cocaine would lose their effects. Explain
23. What are the effects of cannabinoids on neuronspg78
22. How do opiates influence dopamine synapsespg78
20. Why is methylphenidate generally less disruptive to behavior than cocaine is despite the drugs’ similar mechanismspg78
19. How do amphetamine and cocaine influence dopamine synapsespg78
21. How does nicotine affect dopamine synapsespg78
18. What do drug use, sex, gambling, and video game playing have in commonpg78
17. Is a drug with high affinity and low efficacy an agonist or an antagonistpg78
16. What happens to serotonin and catecholamine molecules after they stimulate a postsynaptic receptorpg78
15. What happens to acetylcholine molecules after they stimulate a postsynaptic receptorpg78
14. In what way is a neuropeptide intermediate between other neurotransmitters and hormonespg78
13. Which part of the pituitary—anterior or posterior—is neural tissue, similar to the hypothalamuspg78 Which part is glandular tissue and produces hormones that control the secretions by other
12. How are neuropeptides special compared to other transmitterspg78
11. What are second messengers, and which type of synapse relies on thempg78
10. How do ionotropic and metabotropic synapses differ in speed and duration of effectspg78
9. When the action potential reaches the presynaptic terminal, which ion must enter the presynaptic terminal to evoke release of the neurotransmitterpg78
8. Name the three catecholamine neurotransmitters.
7. What does a highly active brain area do to increase its blood supplypg78
6. What was Loewi’s evidence that neurotransmission depends on the release of chemicalspg78
4. Figure 3.11 shows synaptic connections to produce a cell that responds to “A and B if not C.” Construct a wiring diagram so that a cell responds to “A or B if not C.” This is much trickier
2. A pinch on an animal’s right hind foot excites a sensory neuron that excites an interneuron that excites the motor neurons to the flexor muscles of that leg. The interneuron also inhibits the
5. Can an inhibitory message flow along an axonpg78
4. What ion gates in the membrane open during an EPSPpg78 What gates open during an IPSPpg78
3. What was Sherrington’s evidence for inhibition in the nervous systempg78
2. What is the difference between temporal summation and spatial summationpg78
3. If a drug partly blocks a membrane’s potassium channels, how does it affect the action potentialpg78
2. In the laboratory, researchers can apply an electrical stimulus at any point along the axon, making action potentials travel in both directions from the point of stimulation. An action potential
1. Suppose the threshold of a neuron were the same as its resting potential. What would happenpg78 At what frequency would the cell produce action potentialspg78
17. In a myelinated axon, how would the action potential be affected if the nodes were much closer togetherpg78 How might it be affected if the nodes were much farther apartpg78
16. Suppose researchers find that axon A can produce up to 1,000 action potentials per second (at least briefly, with maximum stimulation), but axon B can never produce more than 100 per second
15. Does the all-or-none law apply to dendritespg78 Why or why notpg78
14. State the all-or-none law.
13. As the membrane reaches the peak of the action potential, what brings the membrane down to the original resting potentialpg78
12. During the rise of the action potential, do sodium ions move into the cell or out of itpg78 Whypg78
11. What is the relationship between the threshold and an action potentialpg78
10. What is the difference between a hyperpolarization and a depolarizationpg78
9. When the membrane is at rest, what tends to drive the potassium ions out of the cellpg78 What tends to draw them into the cellpg78
8. When the membrane is at rest, are the sodium ions more concentrated inside the cell or outsidepg78 Where are the potassium ions more concentratedpg78
4. Which kind of glia cell wraps around the synaptic terminals of axonspg78
3. Identify the four major structures that compose a neuron.
2. Which animal species would have the longest axonspg78
1. What are the widely branching structures of a neuron calledpg78 And what is the long thin structure that carries information to another cell calledpg78
14. How does the “minimalist” position differ from the “abolitionist”positionpg78
12. What are two plausible ways for possible altruistic genes to spread in a populationpg78
11. Many people believe the human appendix is useless. Will it become smaller and smaller with each generationpg78
10. What example illustrates the point that even if some characteristic is highly heritable, a change in the environment can alter itpg78
9. Suppose someone determines the heritability of IQ scores for a given population. Then society changes in a way that provides the best possible opportunity for everyone within that population. Will
8. What are the main types of evidence to estimate the heritability of some behaviorpg78
7. How does adding a methyl or acetyl group to a histone protein alter gene activitypg78
6. How does an epigenetic change differ from a mutationpg78
5. Suppose someone identifies a “gene” for certain aspects of sexual development. In what ways might that statement be misleadingpg78
4. How does a sex-linked gene differ from a sex-limited genepg78
3. Suppose you have high sensitivity to the taste of PTC. If your mother has low sensitivity, what (if anything) can you predict about your father’s taste sensitivitypg78
Suppose you have high sensitivity to tasting PTC. If your mother can also taste it easily, what (if anything) can you predict about your father’s ability to taste itpg78
2. What are the special difficulties of studying the evolution of behavior, given that behavior doesn’t leave fossils (with a few exceptions such as footprints showing an animal’s gait)pg78
1. Is consciousness usefulpg78 That is, what (if anything)can we do because of consciousness that we couldn’t do otherwisepg78
How does an evolutionary explanation differ from a functional explanationpg78
How do the characters being projected onto react?
How do they behave with the characters they are projecting onto?
How much do they project onto other characters and how much is really there?
Who do they notice those qualities in?
What shadow qualities in themselves does the character find irritating in others?
What behaviour demonstrates these qualities to the reader and to other characters without the character being aware of it?
What would they find most embarrassing if people knew?
What are the qualities the character hides from themselves?
What characters have opposing traits? How does that impact their relationship and the story?
What events in the story can pose a problem for the character’s particular set of tendencies?
How do the characters in the story react to each other’s tendencies and traits?
Where does the character fall on a continuum for each of the following?I.e. do they have slight tendencies, none, moderate, or strong enough to be considered a disorder? What behaviours show
How do plans for action change as a result of the loss?
What happens with the grieving character has no patience to deal with this?
What story events can occur to push the character beyond what they can currently cope with in their grief?
How do other characters deal with a grieving character? With kindness/misguided good intentions/ frustration? How can this create more conflict?
How do they come to accept the loss and find a new way of understanding the world?
How does it change their goals, views, beliefs?
How does this impact their ability to deal with the requirements of their life/story actions?
What triggers moments of grief for the character? Are there particular memories or items that set it off?
Does it come in waves? How often?
How intense is the grief for them?
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