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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

4. Why is an ultramarathoner like Bertil Järlaker probably not impressive at short-distance races?
3. Duck breast muscles are red (“dark meat”), whereas chicken breast muscles are white. Which species probably can fl y for a longer time before fatiguing?
2. In what way are fi sh movements impaired in cold water?
1. Why can the eye muscles move with greater precision than the biceps muscles?
2. Suppose a chemist synthesizes a new chemical that turns out to have an odor. Presumably, we do not have a specialized receptor for that chemical. Explain how our receptors detect it.
1. In the English language, the letter t has no meaning out of context. Its meaning depends on its relationship to other letters. Indeed, even a word, such as to, has little meaning except in its
31. If someone reports seeing a particular letter in color, in what way is it diff erent from a real color?
30. What is one major diff erence between olfactory receptors and those of the vomeronasal organ?
29. What good does it do for an olfactory axon to have copies of the cell’s olfactory receptor protein?
28. What is the mean life span of an olfactory receptor?
27. How do olfactory receptors resemble metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors?
26. How do genes and hormones infl uence taste sensitivity?
25. If someone injected into your tongue a chemical that blocks the release of second messengers, how would it aff ect your taste experiences?
24. Although the tongue has receptors for bitter tastes, researchers have not found neurons in the brain itself that respond more strongly to bitter than to other tastes. Explain, then, how it is
23. Suppose you fi nd a new, unusual-tasting food. How could you determine whether we have a special receptor for that food or whether we taste it with a combination of the other known taste
22. Of the following, which use a labeled-line code and which use an across-fi ber pattern code?(a) a fi re alarm(b) a light switch(c) typing a capital letter
1. How could you determine whether hypnosis releases endorphins?
21. Suppose someone suff ers from constant itching. What kinds of drugs might help relieve it?
20. Would opiates increase or decrease itch sensations?
19. Why is it preferable to start taking morphine before an operation instead of waiting until later?
18. How do ibuprofen and other nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs decrease pain?
17. How do the pain-relieving eff ects of cannabinoids diff er from those of opiates?
16. Why do opiates relieve dull pain but not sharp pain?
15. What would happen to a pain sensation if glutamate receptors in the spinal cord were blocked? What if substance P receptors were blocked?
14. How do jalapeños produce a hot sensation?
13. Suppose someone suff ers a cut through the spinal cord on the right side only. Will the person lose pain sensation on the left side or the right side? Will he or she lose touch sensation on the
12. What evidence suggests that the somatosensory cortex is essential for the conscious perception of touch?
11. In what way is somatosensation several senses instead of one?
10. People with damage to the vestibular system have trouble reading street signs while walking. Why?
2. Th e text explains how we might distinguish loudness for low-frequency sounds. How might we distinguish loudness for a high-frequency tone?
1. Why do you suppose that the human auditory system evolved sensitivity to sounds in the range of 20 to 20000 Hz instead of some other range of frequencies?
9. Which method of sound localization is more eff ective for an animal with a small head? Which is more eff ective for an animal with a large head? Why?
8. Which type of hearing loss would be more common among members of rock bands and why? Would they be likely to benefi t from hearing aids?
7. What kinds of sounds most strongly activate the auditory cortex?
6. What is one way in which the auditory and visual cortices diff er?
5. How is the auditory cortex like the visual cortex?
4. What evidence suggests that amusia depends on genetic diff erences? What evidence suggests that absolute pitch depends on special experiences?
3. How do we perceive high-frequency sounds (above 4000 Hz)?
2. How do we perceive middle-frequency sounds (100 to 4000 Hz)?
1. Through which mechanism do we perceive low-frequency sounds (up to about 100 Hz)?
2. Would you expect the cortical cells of a rabbit to be just as sensitive to the eff ects of experience as are the cells of cats and primates? Why or why not?
26. Why does a cataract on one eye produce greater visual impairments in infants than in adults?
25. What early experience is necessary to maintain binocular input to the neurons of the visual cortex?
24. What is the eff ect of closing one eye early in life? What is the eff ect of closing both eyes?
23. What symptoms occur after damage limited to area MT?What may occur if MT is intact but area V1 is damaged?
22. When you wiggle your eyes back and forth, why don’t you see a blur?
21. What is prosopagnosia, and what does its existence tell us about separate shape recognition systems in the visual cortex?
20. What is a feature detector?
19. How could a researcher determine whether a given neuron in the visual cortex is simple or complex?
17. What is an example of an “unconscious” visually guided behavior?
15. What are the diff erences between the magnocellular and parvocellular systems?
13. Examine Figure 6.17. You should see grayish diamonds at the crossroads among the black squares. Explain why.
12. If light strikes only one receptor, what is the net eff ect(excitatory or inhibitory) on the nearest bipolar cell that is directly connected to that receptor? What is the eff ect on bipolar cells
11. When light strikes a receptor, does the receptor excite or inhibit the bipolar cells? What eff ect does it have on horizontal cells? What eff ect does the horizontal cell have on bipolar cells?
10. Where does the optic nerve start and where does it end?
9. Most people can use varying amounts of three colors to match any other color that they see. Who would be an exception to this rule, and how many colors would they need?
8. Figure 6.8 shows 480 nm light as blue and 570 nm light as yellow. Why should we nevertheless not call them “blue light” and “yellow light”?
6. Suppose a bipolar cell receives excitatory input from mediumwavelength cones and inhibitory input from all three kinds of cones. When it is highly excited, what color would one see?When it is
3. What makes the blind spot of the retina blind?
1. If someone electrically stimulated the auditory receptors in your ear, how would you perceive it?
23. Suppose someone has suff ered a spinal cord injury that interrupts all sensation from the left arm. Now he or she uses only the right arm. Of the following, which is the most promising therapy:
22. Cite an example in which reorganization of the brain is helpful and one in which it is harmful.
21. Is denervation supersensitivity a change in axons or dendritic receptors?
20. Is collateral sprouting a change in axons or dendritic receptors?
18. If one of your relatives has a stroke and a well-meaning person off ers a blanket, what should you do?
17. Why is tPA not helpful in cases of hemorrhage?
16. What are the two kinds of stroke, and what causes each kind?
2. Decades ago, educators advocated teaching Latin and ancient Greek because the required mental discipline would promote overall intelligence and brain development in general. Occasionally, people
15. What change in the brain is responsible for musician’s cramp?
13. Name two kinds of evidence indicating that touch information from the fi ngers invades the occipital cortex of people blind since birth.
12. An enriched environment promotes growth of axons and dendrites. What is known to be one important reason for this eff ect?
10. Anesthetic drugs increase inhibition of neurons, blocking most action potentials. Why would we predict that exposure to anesthetics might be dangerous to the brain of a fetus
9. At what age does a person have the greatest number of neurons—before birth, during childhood, during adolescence, or during adulthood?
8. What class of chemicals prevents apoptosis?
6. If axons from the retina were prevented from showing spontaneous activity during early development, what would be the probable eff ect on development of the lateral geniculate?
5. If all cells in an amphibian’s tectum produced the same amount of TOPDV, what would be the eff ect on the attachment of axons?
3. What evidence indicated that new neurons seldom or never form in the adult cerebral cortex?
2. In which brain areas do new neurons form in adults?
1. Which develops fi rst, a neuron’s axon or its dendrites?
1. Certain unusual aspects of brain structure were observed in the brain of Albert Einstein. One interpretation is that he was born with certain specialized brain features that encouraged his
22. On the average, although men have larger brains than women, men and women have equal IQ scores. What is a likely explanation?
21. What evidence indicates that the genes that control human brain size also infl uence IQ?
20. Why do recent studies show a stronger relationship between brain size and IQ than older studies did?
19. Why are both brain size and brain-to-body ratio unsatisfactory ways of estimating animal intelligence?
18. Why does electrical or magnetic stimulation of the brain seldom produce complex, meaningful sensations or movements?
17. How do the eff ects of brief, mild magnetic stimulation diff er from those of longer, more intense stimulation?
16. Researchers today sometimes relate diff erences in people’s behavior to diff erences in their brain anatomy.How does their approach diff er from that of the phrenologists?
1. When monkeys with Klüver-Bucy syndrome pick up lighted matches and snakes, we do not know whether they are displaying an emotional defi cit or an inability to identify the object. What kind of
15. What is meant by the binding problem, and what is one hypothesis to explain it?
14. What are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?
13. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary motor cortex?
12. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary visual cortex?
11. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary somatosensory cortex?
10. Which lobe of the cerebral cortex includes the primary auditory cortex?
1. Th e drug phenylephrine is sometimes prescribed for people suff ering from a sudden loss of blood pressure or other medical disorders. It acts by stimulating norepinephrine synapses, including
1. What does dorsal mean, and what is its opposite?
2. Th e research on sensitization of the nucleus accumbens has dealt with addictive drugs, mainly cocaine. Would you expect a gambling addiction to have similar eff ects?How could someone test this
1. People who take methylphenidate (Ritalin) for control of attention-defi cit disorder often report that, although the drug increases their arousal for a while, they feel a decrease in alertness and
32. Methadone users who try taking heroin experience little eff ect from it. Why?
31. How does Antabuse work?

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