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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

30. Who would be likely to drink more alcohol—someone who metabolizes acetaldehyde to acetic acid rapidly or one who metabolizes it slowly?
28. Someone who has quit an addictive substance for the fi rst time is strongly counseled not to try it again. Why?
27. What are two ways sons of alcoholics diff er, on average, from sons of nonalcoholics?
26. Name at least two ways a gene could infl uence alcoholism
25. Which type of alcoholism has a stronger genetic basis?Which type has earlier onset?
24. If incoming serotonin axons were destroyed, LSD would still have its full eff ects. However, if incoming dopamine axons were destroyed, amphetamine and cocaine would lose their eff ects. Explain
23. What are the eff ects of cannabinoids on neurons?
22. How do opiates infl uence dopamine synapses?
21. How does nicotine aff ect dopamine synapses?
20. Why is methylphenidate generally less disruptive to behavior than cocaine is despite the drugs’ similar mechanisms?
19. How does cocaine infl uence dopamine synapses?
18. How does amphetamine infl uence dopamine synapses?
17. What do drug use, sex, gambling, and video-game playing have in common?
16. Is a drug with high affi nity and low effi cacy an agonist or an antagonist?
1. Suppose axon A enters a ganglion (a cluster of neurons)and axon B leaves on the other side. An experimenter who stimulates A can shortly thereafter record an impulse traveling down B. We want to
15. What happens to serotonin and catecholamine molecules after they stimulate a postsynaptic receptor?
14. What happens to acetylcholine molecules after they stimulate a postsynaptic receptor?
13. In what way is a neuropeptide intermediate between other neurotransmitters and hormones?
11. What are second messengers, and which type of synapse relies on them?
10. How do ionotropic and metabotropic synapses diff er in speed and duration of eff ects?
8. Name the three catecholamine neurotransmitters.
7. What does a highly active brain area do, in many cases, to increase its blood supply?
2. A pinch on an animal’s right hind foot excites a sensory neuron that excites an interneuron that excites the motor neurons to the fl exor muscles of that leg. Th e interneuron also inhibits the
5. Can an inhibitory message propagate along an axon?
2. What is the diff erence between temporal summation and spatial summation?
3. If a drug partly blocks a membrane’s potassium channels, how does it aff ect the action potential?
2. In the laboratory, researchers can apply an electrical stimulus at any point along the axon, making action potentials travel in both directions from the point of stimulation. An action potential
1. Suppose the threshold of a neuron were the same as its resting potential. What would happen? At what frequency would the cell produce action potentials?
16. In a myelinated axon, how would the action potential be aff ected if the nodes were much closer together? How might it be aff ected if the nodes were much farther apart?
14. Does the all-or-none law apply to dendrites? Why or why not?
13. State the all-or-none law.
12. As the membrane reaches the peak of the action potential, what ionic movement brings the potential down to the original resting potential?
11. During the rise of the action potential, do sodium ions move into the cell or out of it? Why?
10. What is the relationship between the threshold and an action potential?
1. Drugs that aff ect behavior must somehow cross the blood-brain barrier. What can we infer about the nature of those drugs?
5. Which chemicals cross the blood-brain barrier passively?
2. Identify the four major structures that compose a neuron.
1. What are the widely branching structures of a neuron called?And what is the long thin structure that carries information to another cell called?
3. Would you expect the cortical cells of a rabbit to be just as sensitive to the effects of experience as are the cells of cats and primatespg78 Why or why notpg78
2. A rabbit’s eyes are on the sides of its head instead of in front. Would you expect rabbits to have many cells with binocular receptive fields—that is, cells that respond to both eyespg78 Why
1. After a receptor cell is stimulated, the bipolar cell receiving input from it shows an immediate strong response. A fraction of a second later, the bipolar’s response decreases, even though the
24. Why is it important to correct astigmatism earlypg78
23. What causes astigmatismpg78
22. What early experience is necessary to maintain binocular input to the neurons of the visual cortexpg78
20. What is a feature detectorpg78
19. What do cells within a column of the visual cortex have in commonpg78
18. How could a researcher determine whether a given neuron in the visual cortex is simple or complexpg78
17. What is an example of an unconscious visually guided behaviorpg78
16. If you were in a darkened room and researchers wanted to “read your mind” just enough to know whether you were having visual fantasies, what could they dopg78
15. What are the differences between the magnocellular and parvocellular systemspg78
14. As we progress from bipolar cells to ganglion cells to later cells in the visual system, are receptive fields ordinarily larger, smaller, or the same sizepg78 Whypg78
13. Examine Figure 6.18. You should see grayish diamonds at the crossroads among the black squares. Explain why.
12. If light strikes only one receptor, what is the net effect(excitatory or inhibitory) on the nearest bipolar cell that is directly connected to that receptorpg78 What is the effect on bipolar
11. When light strikes a receptor, does the receptor excite or inhibit the bipolar cellspg78 What effect does it have on horizontal cellspg78 What effect does the horizontal cell have on bipolar
10. Where does the optic nerve start and where does it endpg78
8. Figure 6.9 shows 500 nm light as blue and 550 nm light as yellow. Why should we nevertheless not call them“blue light” and “yellow light”pg78
7. When a television set is off, its screen appears gray.When you watch a program, parts of the screen appear black, even though more light is actually showing on the screen than when the set was
6. Suppose a bipolar cell receives excitatory input from medium-wavelength cones and inhibitory input from all three kinds of cones. When it is highly excited, what color would one seepg78 When it is
5. If you found a species with a high ratio of cones to rods in its retina, what would you predict about its way of lifepg78
4. You sometimes find that you can see a faint star on a dark night better if you look slightly to the side of the star instead of straight at it. Whypg78
3. What makes the blind spot of the retina blindpg78
2. If it were possible to flip your entire brain upside down, without breaking any of the connections to sense organs or muscles, what would happen to your perceptions of what you see, hear, and so
1. If someone electrically stimulated the auditory receptors in your ear, what would you perceivepg78
29. Suppose someone has suffered a spinal cord injury that interrupts all sensation from the left arm. Now he or she uses only the right arm. Of the following, which is the most promising therapy:
27. Many people with schizophrenia take drugs that block dopamine synapses. After prolonged use, the side effects include frequent involuntary movements. What is one possible explanationpg78
26. Is denervation supersensitivity a change in axons or dendritic receptorspg78
25. Is collateral sprouting a change in axons or dendritic receptorspg78
24. After someone has had a stroke, would it be best (if possible) to direct stimulant drugs to the cells that were damaged or somewhere elsepg78
23. If one of your relatives has a stroke and a well-meaning person offers a blanket, what should you dopg78
22. Why is tPA not helpful in cases of hemorrhagepg78
21. What are the two kinds of stroke, and what causes each kindpg78
20. What is one way in which older adults compensate for less efficient brain functioningpg78
19. When people claim that adolescents make risky decisions because of a lack of inhibition, which brain area do they point to as being responsible for inhibitionpg78
18. Under what circumstances are adolescents most likely to make an impulsive decisionpg78
17. What procedure is most promising for treating musician’s cramppg78
16. What change in the brain is responsible for musician’s cramppg78
14. Under what circumstance would the occipital cortex of a sighted adult become responsive to touchpg78
12. An enriched environment promotes growth of axons and dendrites. What is known to be one important reason for this effectpg78
11. In the ferret study, how did the experimenters determine that visual input to the auditory portions of the brain actually produced a visual sensationpg78
10. Anesthetic drugs increase inhibition of neurons, blocking most action potentials. Why would we predict that exposure to anesthetics might be dangerous to the brain of a fetuspg78
9. At what age does a person have the greatest number of neurons—before birth, during childhood, during adolescence, or during adulthoodpg78
8. What class of chemicals prevents apoptosispg78
7. What process ensures that the spinal cord has the right number of axons to innervate all the muscle cellspg78
6. If axons from the retina were prevented from showing spontaneous activity during early development, what would be the probable effect on development of the lateral geniculatepg78
5. If all cells in an amphibian’s tectum produced the same amount of TOPDV, what would be the effect on the attachment of axonspg78
4. What was Sperry’s evidence that axons grow to a specific target instead of attaching at randompg78
3. What evidence indicated that new neurons seldom or never form in the adult cerebral cortexpg78
2. In which brain areas do new neurons form in adultspg78
1. Which develops first, a neuron’s axon or its dendritespg78
24. In which way do men and women differ most—intellectual performance, total gray matter, or total white matterpg78
23. Why do recent studies show a stronger relationship between brain size and IQ than older studies didpg78
22. Why are both brain size and brain-to-body ratio unsatisfactory ways of estimating animal intelligencepg78
20. Suppose someone demonstrates that a particular brain area becomes active when people are listening to music.When that area becomes active later, what, if anything, can we concludepg78
19. What does fMRI measurepg78
18. Why does electrical or magnetic stimulation of the brain seldom produce complex, meaningful sensations or movementspg78
17. How do the effects of brief, mild magnetic stimulation differ from those of longer, more intense stimulationpg78
16. What is the difference between a lesion and an ablationpg78
4. Correlate brain anatomy with behavior. Do people with some unusual behavior also have unusual brainspg78 If so, in what waypg78
3. Record brain activity during behavior. We might record changes in brain activity during fighting, sleeping, finding food, solving a problem, or any other behavior.
2. Examine the effects of stimulating a brain area. Ideally, if damaging some area impairs a behavior, stimulating that area should enhance the behavior.

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