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social science
positive psychology

Questions and Answers of Positive Psychology

3. Which kind of emotion, and which kind of sensation, depend most heavily on the insula?
1. According to the James-Lange theory, what kind of person should feel no emotions?
3. Recall LeVay’s study of brain anatomy in heterosexual and homosexual men (p. 348). Certain critics have suggested that one or more of the men classified as “heterosexual” might actually have
1. In all human cultures, men prefer to mate with attractive young women, and women prefer men who are wealthy and successful (as well as attractive, if possible). It was remarked on page 340 that
8. What evidence argues against the hypothesis that homosexual men have been feminized in general or that homosexual women have been masculinized in general?
7. What is the relationship between birth order and homosexuality?
6. What kind of experience in early development can cause a male rat to develop sexual responsiveness to other males and not to females? How does that experience probably produce its effects?
5. What does the enzyme 5a-reductase 2 do?
4. What would cause a genetic male (XY) to develop a partly feminized anatomy?
1. What evolutionary advantage is suggested for why women are more interested in men’s wealth and success than men are interested in the same things about women?
3. Antipsychotic drugs, such as haloperidol and chlorpromazine, block activity at dopamine synapses.What side effects might they have on sexual behavior?
2. The presence or absence of testosterone determines whether a mammal will differentiate as a male or a female. In birds, the story is the opposite: The presence or absence of estrogen is critical
1. The pill RU-486 produces abortions by blocking the effects of progesterone. Explain how this process works.
9. What is the relationship between sex hormones and premenstrual syndrome?
8. At what time in a woman’s menstrual cycle are her levels of estrogen and progesterone highest? When are they lowest?
7. What evidence indicates that testosterone is important for men’s sex drive?
6. By what mechanism do testosterone and estradiol affect the hypothalamic areas responsible for sexual behavior?
5. Why do men outperform women on some spatial tasks but not others?
3. From the standpoint of protecting a fetus’s sexual development, what are some drugs that a pregnant woman should avoid?
2. What would be the appearance of a mammal’s external genitals if it were exposed to high levels of both androgens and estrogens during early development?What if it were exposed to low levels of
1. How do sex hormones affect neurons?
1. For most people, insulin levels tend to be higher during the day than at night. Use this fact to explain why people grow hungry a few hours after a daytime meal but not so quickly at night.
14. What evidence from rats suggests that bulimia resembles an addiction?
13. Researchers have found many abnormalities of brain chemistry in people with anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa. Why do they not believe these abnormalities cause anorexia or bulimia?
12. Why is it plausible that consuming beverages with high-fructose corn syrup might lead to obesity?
10. In what ways does the lateral hypothalamus facilitate feeding?
9. What would be the effect on eating of a drug that blocks NPY receptors? One that blocks CCK receptors?
8. Why are leptin injections probably less helpful for overweight people than for obese mice?
5. What are two mechanisms by which CCK increases satiety?
4. What is the evidence that stomach distension, though sufficient, is not necessary for satiety?
3. What is the evidence that stomach distension is sufficient for satiety?
2. What is the evidence that taste is not sufficient for satiety?
1. Why do most Southeast Asian cooks not use milk and other dairy products?
3. Many women crave salt during menstruation or pregnancy. Why?
1. Speculate on why birds have higher body temperatures than mammals.
4. What evidence do we have that the POA/AH controls body temperature?
3. Why did we evolve a temperature of 37°C (98°F)instead of some other temperature?
2. What is the primary advantage of maintaining a constant body temperature?
1. How does the idea of allostasis differ from homeostasis?
1. Why would it be harder to deprive someone of just NREM sleep than just REM sleep?
3. An adult who sustains extensive damage limited to the primary visual cortex (V1) becomes blind. Would you expect such a person to report visual dreams?Why or why not?
1. Some fish live in caves or the deep ocean with no light. What might one predict about their sleep?
1. When cats are deprived of REM sleep and then permitted uninterrupted sleep, the longer the period of deprivation—up to about 25 days—the greater the rebound of REM when they can sleep
9. What is the relationship between orexin and narcolepsy?
8. What kinds of people are most likely to develop sleep apnea?
7. How does caffeine increase arousal?
5. Why do most antihistamines make people drowsy?
3. During which part of a night’s sleep is REM most common?
1. What do long, slow waves on an EEG indicate?
1. Is it possible for the onset of light to reset the circadian rhythms of a person who is blind? Explain.
6. How does light reset the biological clock?
5. What stimulus is the most effective zeitgeber for humans?
3. What evidence indicates that the SCN produces the circadian rhythm itself?
1. If we wanted to choose people for a job that requires sometimes working without sleep, how could we quickly determine which ones were probably best able to tolerate sleep deprivation?
2. Neurologists assert that if people lived long enough, sooner or later everyone would develop Parkinson’s disease. Why?
6. What is a presymptomatic test?
5. What are some other possible treatments?
4. In what ways is L-dopa treatment disappointing?
3. What is the likely explanation for how L-dopa relieves the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease?
1. Do monozygotic twins resemble each other more than dizygotic twins do for early-onset Parkinson’s disease? For late-onset? What conclusion do these results imply?
12. What kind of learning depends most heavily on the basal ganglia?
11. How does damage to the basal ganglia lead to involuntary movements?
10. Do Purkinje cells control the strength or duration of a movement?
6. What is anosognosia, and what brain abnormality is associated with it?
5. After damage to the parietal cortex, what happens to people’s reports of their intentions to move?
3. How does the posterior parietal cortex contribute to movement? The prefrontal cortex? The premotor cortex? The supplementary motor cortex?
2. What kinds of movements does the dorsolateral tract control? The ventromedial tract?
1. Would you expect jaguars, cheetahs, and other great cats to have mostly slow-twitch, nonfatiguing muscles in their legs or mostly fast-twitch, quickly fatiguing muscles? What kinds of animals
6. What is the function of Golgi tendon organs?
5. If you hold your arm straight out and someone pulls it down slightly, it quickly bounces back. What proprioceptor is responsible?
4. Why is an ultramarathoner like Bertil Järlaker probably mediocre or poor at short-distance races?
2. In what way are fish movements impaired in cold water?
1. Why can the eye muscles move with greater precision than the biceps muscles?
2. Suppose a chemist synthesizes a new chemical that turns out to have an odor. Presumably, we do not have a specialized receptor for that chemical. Explain how our receptors detect it.
1. In the English language, the letter t has no meaning out of context. Its meaning depends on its relationship to other letters. Indeed, even a word, such as to, has little meaning except in its
12. If someone reports seeing a particular letter in color, in what way is it different from a real color?
11. What is one major difference between olfactory receptors and those of the vomeronasal organ?
10. What good does it do for an olfactory axon to have copies of the cell’s olfactory receptor protein?
9. What is the mean life span of an olfactory receptor?
8. If two olfactory receptors are located near each other in the nose, in what way are they likely to be similar?
7. How do olfactory receptors resemble metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors?
6. If someone sees no need to shower after becoming sweaty, what is one (admittedly unlikely) explanation?
5. What are several reasons why some people like spicier foods than others do?
4. If someone injected into your tongue some chemical that blocks the release of second messengers, how would it affect your taste experiences?
3. Although the tongue has receptors for bitter tastes, researchers have not found neurons in the brain itself that respond more strongly to bitter than to other tastes. Explain, then, how it is
1. Of the following, which use a labeled-line code and which use an across-fiber pattern code?A. A fire alarm B. A light switch C. The shift key plus another key on a keyboard
2. How could you determine whether hypnosis decreases pain by increasing the release of endorphins?
1. Why is the vestibular sense generally useless under conditions of weightlessness?
5. What would happen to a pain sensation if glutamate receptors in the spinal cord were blocked? What if substance P receptors were blocked?
4. How do jalapeños produce a hot sensation?
3. What evidence suggests that the somatosensory cortex is essential for conscious perception of touch?
7. Which type of hearing loss would be more common among members of rock bands and why? For which type of hearing loss is a hearing aid generally more successful?
6. What kinds of sounds most strongly activate the primary auditory cortex?
4. What is one way in which the auditory cortex is like the visual cortex?
3. How do we perceive high-frequency sounds(above 4000 Hz)?
2. How do we perceive middle-frequency sounds(100 to 4000 Hz)?
1. Through what mechanism do we perceive lowfrequency sounds (up to about 100 Hz)?
2. Would you expect the cortical cells of a rabbit to be just as sensitive to the effects of experience as are the cells of cats and primates? Why or why not?
4. Why does a cataract on one eye produce greater visual impairments in infants than in adults?
3. What early experience is necessary to maintain binocular input to the neurons of the visual cortex?

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