Deductive arguments Reduce the following arguments to symbolic form and then determine their logical validity.

(a) If pigs can fly, then cats can fly; cats cannot fly; therefore pigs cannot fly.

(b) If he wants to hire me, he’ll shake my hand; he shook my hand; therefore he wants to hire me.

(c) To win a senate seat, she must have money; she did not win the senate seat;

therefore she does not have money.

(d) If he graduates, he’ll have passed mathematics; if he graduates, he’ll have passed computer programming; either he won’t pass mathematics or he won’t pass computer programming; therefore he will not graduate.

(e) If she bowls 300 she’ll win the tournament; if she bowls 0 she’ll lose the tournament; either she’ll win or she’ll lose the tournament; therefore either she’ll bowl 300 or she’ll bowl 0.