5.7. A longitudinal study of delinquent and criminal behavior classified a cohort of males (all the same race–ethnicity) into one of the three categories based on patterns of illegal behavior throughout adolescence: Nondelinquent, Low-rate delinquent, and High-rate delinquent. On the basis of Brant test results, the researchers estimated a partial proportional odds model using a small subset of background characteristics to predict delinquent group: INDEPENDENT VARIABLE NONDELINQUENT VS. LOW AND HIGH RATE b NONDELINQUENT AND/OR LOW RATE VS. HIGH RATE b Academic performance (1 ¼ low to 10 ¼ high) 0.12 0.08 Risk scale (1 ¼ low to 20 ¼ high) 0.23 0.33

ONDELINQUENT VS. LOW AND HIGH RATE b NONDELINQUENT AND/OR LOW RATE VS. HIGH RATE b Parent arrested? (1 ¼ yes, 0 ¼ no) 0.47 0.85 Number of friends arrested 0.17 0.29 Level of parental supervision (1 ¼ low, 10 ¼ high) 0.09 0.11 Interpret and explain these results.