The IHIP characteristics that we introduced in the chapter are used to distinguish service from goods-producing operations. We also made clear that they were controversial and that they could be viewed as spectra rather than simple yes/no distinctions. With these characteristics in mind, think about how the music industry has developed over the last two or three decades, as its main ‘products’ have moved from CD (or vinyl), through downloaded music, to streaming services.

Referring back to Figure 1.3, position these three offerings on the IHIP characteristics scales.