Maria had proven to be a very good student in Mr.

Rhodes’s class despite having just moved to the United States from another country. So it came as a surprise when Maria performed poorly on her tests. When Mr. Rhodes consulted another teacher who also had Maria as a student, he learned that his test questions may have had something to do with it. His colleague explained that Maria came from a relatively primitive area that does not have television. Her exposure to concepts that draw on a wide variety of cultural experiences was limited. This indicated to Mr. Rhodes that his tests unfairly penalized Maria. This type of assessment that unfairly penalizes a student for his or her lack of resources or cultural knowledge demonstrates which of the following?

A. Attribution bias B. Assessment bias C. Reliability bias D. Validity bias