Navigate to the Excel sheet for Table 6 of the Census Bureau report “Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2017,” found at https://www.census.gov/library/publications/2018/demo/p60-264.html.

a. Using this spreadsheet, calculate the mean uninsured rate for Medicaid Expansion states, and states that have not expanded, for both 2013 and 2017.

b. What does the result in part (a) indicate about take-up versus crowd-out during the recent Medicaid expansions enabled by the Affordable Care Act?

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TABLE 6-1 The Effects of Smoking: Externalities or Not? Effect Not an externality if... Increased health care Insurance companies actuarially raise premiums for smokers. costs Less- productive workers Increased number of fires Employers adjust individuals' wages according to productivity. Smokers set fire only to their own property, requiring no help from the fire department, and insurance companies adjust premiums according to smoking status. An externality if... Many individuals are insured by entities that spread the health costs of smokers among all of the insured; also, the health costs of the uninsured are passed on to others. Employers do not adjust wages according to individual productivity, so that they must lower wages for all workers to offset productivity loss. The fires damage nonsmokers' property, raise the cost of the local fire department, or raise fire insurance premiums for all. Earlier Smokers do not pay Social Nonsmokers save money because