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[ 1 0 % ] Tail latency is the small percentage of response times from a system, out of all of responses to the input
"Tail latency" is the small percentage of response times from a system, out of all of responses to the inputoutput
IO requests it serves, that take the longest in comparison to the bulk of its response times. They are, quite literally,
the tail cnd of a system's response time spectrum, and are often expressed as the th or th percentile response times.
A longtail latency issuc is observed in the distribution of the write latency because of the management design of
storage devices eg HDDs and SSDs For instance, the latency at the th percentile can be x higher than the
average latency. Such a longtail latency causes a significant problem in realtime embedded and enterpriseserver
systems, which need to meet the realtime and quality of service QoS requirements. Please answer the following
questions:
Please provide four possible causes of tail latency in the storage system design. Brief explanation is needed.
Please provide two solutions for resolving the longtail latency issue. A brief explanation is needed.
Consider a computer system with a bit virtual address space where paging is used. Assuming the page size
is bytcs and the memory is bytcaddressable, please answer the following questions:
How many pages can a process have at most? Suppose the maximum physical memory size is What
is the maximum number of bits for physical addresses? What is the maximum number of frames for the system?
Assume onelevel paging is adopted. Let the memory access time and TLB access time be and
respectively. If we want an effective memory access time of less than what is the minimal TLB hit ratio
that necds to be achicved?
Suppose the virtual memory of the system adopts demand paging. Assume the effective memory access time
of the computer system without any page fault is and the service time for a page fault is If the page
fault rate is what is the effective access time under demand paging?
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