1) Calculate the value of rights to publish sequel novels offered by DPN. Should VRE buy it? Use annual compounding' in calculating ‘P’. 

2) One of the natures of risk associated with the e-publishing industry is the ability of authors to deliver publishable (marketable) works online. Perform a sensitivity analysis on the value of rights to publish sequel e-novels on this risk factor. You can range the probability to 10% scale (e.g. 0%, 10%, 20%, up to 100%). Interpret the implication of these numbers.

3) What is the minimum target (% of publishable e-novels, and also in number of e- novels) to push for VRE for these 60 authors to break even?

Real options analysis (18 points) Sequel rights to the ‘first hit novel authors: Digital Plus Novels Inc. (DPN) is a rather successful online publisher focusing on new talents in science fiction novels. To emphasize on the new talents, it constantly spin off its rights to publish subsequent works by authors within its portfolio. In the beginning of 2020, it is offering to sell the rights to publish subsequent works by a portfolio of 60 ‘first hit sci-fi authors under its umbrella (hits identified as 100,000 copies or more @ about $20 price each e-copy). The range of e-copies sold for these 60 authors range from 100,500 e-copies to as high as 900,000 e-copies (few extreme runaway hits) while the average number of e-copies sold is 200,000 e-copies. DPN sets the price to this exclusive right (on 60 sci-fi authors bundled together) as 50 million dollars. 

Virtual Reality Entertainment Plc. (VRE) is a bigger (and rather more diversified) e- publishing company that is considering DPN's proposal. The financial manager of VRE has been gathering the relevant information as follows: 

- It will take time to work on and publish online the sequel novels of these 60 sci-fi authors. On average, this will lead to the cash flows received at the end of 2022 (for simplification). 

- Out of the whole lot of 60 authors (one author is targeted to produce one novel), it is estimated that only 90% will be able to produce something worth publishing online at the beginning of 2022. Of these publishable works, estimated sales are 200,000 eletronic copies per novel on average. The price of one e-copy to be sold to customers is about $25, on average. The discount rate used by sci-fi e-novel industry is 10%. 

- For the above to happen, decision needs to be made at the beginning of 2022. To be conservative, VRE secures a conditional offer from its e-production house and platform providers so that it will cost altogether $291.6 million for VRE to make and sell these e- copies (e.g. all costs covered regardless of the number of e-copies in the contract). This cost will incur at the beginning of 2022 ONLY if VRE decides to go forward with these sequel e- novels at that point in time. Also assume that costs (cash flow) will be incurred at the beginning of year 2022 (for simplicity) if the decision is made to go on with the publishing of this lot of publishable e-novels. 

- Risk free rate is 4% per year.

 - Uncertainty in sci-fi e-novel industry is quite high. Variance in the sales/returns of these 60 authors as recorded by DPN was 40%. VRE believes that such estimation will also be valid for the end of 2022.