1. Fully discuss the positivist school of criminology. Include the following points: the importance Lombroso as the father of the school; the assumptions about society, crime, and punishment (especially the emphases on determinism and treatment/rehabilitation.

2. It is often argued that Lombroso approach (phrenology/atavism) to the study of crime is technically not a theory, but more accurately described as a set of race and gender stereotypes that cannot be tested. Give your own opinion of this controversy: do you think Lombroso was sexist and racist? Is there anything in this theory that is worth continued study?