1. How can dictionary attacks be optimized for fast attacks? Provide 2 examples with descriptions.

2. How can dictionary attacks be defended against? Consider real time attacks and offline attacks where the password file has been stolen. Provide 2 examples with descriptions.

3. Calculate the number of passwords that can be generated from the following character sets. Assume each password is 10 characters long. Use factorial or exponential notation to express your answer: How many passwords can be generated from the set of upper and lower case alphabetic characters? You can use each character more then once (i.e. with replacement).