$1.$ Introduction to Operating Systems: Begin by providing a brief introduction to operating systems. Define what an operating system is and explain its fundamental purpose in computer systems. Discuss how operating systems facilitate communication between hardware and software components.

$2.$ Types of Operating Systems: Explore various types of operating systems commonly used today. Focus on the following categories:

a$.$ Desktop Operating Systems: Examples include Windows, macOS, and Linux.

b$.$ Mobile Operating Systems: Examples include Android and iOS.

c$.$ Real$-$Time Operating Systems: Discuss their importance in time$-$critical applications, such as embedded systems and robotics.

d$.$ Network Operating Systems: Explain their role in managing network resources and facilitating file sharing and communication.