1. Suppose packets are transmitted at rate rA into the network. What is the end-to-end delay of the ith packet (i.e., from the time when the sender starts transmitting its first bit to the time when its last bit is received by the receiver)? Provide formula(s) and a few sentences of explanation.

2. What is the maximum rate at which the sender injects packets into the network while still avoiding queueing (so that all packets see the same end-to-end delay)?

Consider two lossless links, A and B, which can respectively support throughput rates r bps and rg bps, each link has propagation delay d. A sender reaches a receiver by transmitting through the chain of links A -> B, sending packets of size L bits. The sender knows only the rate ra that link A is capable of supporting, and thus sends its data into the link at rate r, beginning to transmit each packet immediately after it completes transmitting the previous one. A router, sitting between links A and B, can buffer an infinite amount of data (i.e., no loss) if needed, and requires time t to process each packet of size L bits that proceeds through it. Router Link A Link B sender receiver