1. What are the critical performance dimensions for (a) a retailer and (b) a financial services

company that should be considered in credit analysis? What ratios would you

suggest looking at for each of these dimensions?

2. Why would a company pay to have its public debt rated by a major rating agency

(such as Moody's or Standard and Poor's)? Why might a firm decide not to have its

debt rated?

3. Some have argued that the market for original-issue junk bonds developed in the late

1970s as a result of a failure in the rating process. Proponents of this argument suggest

that rating agencies rated companies too harshly at the low end of the rating

scale, denying investment grade status to some deserving companies. What are proponents

of this argument effectively assuming were the incentives of rating agencies?

What economic forces could give rise to this incentive?

4. Many debt agreements require borrowers to obtain the permission of the lender before

undertaking a major acquisition or asset sale. Why would the lender want to include

this type of restriction?

5. Betty Li, the CFO of a company applying for a new loan, argues: "I will never agree

to a debt covenant that restricts my ability to pay dividends to my shareholders, because

it reduces shareholder wealth." Do you agree with this argument?

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6. Cambridge Construction Company follows the percentage-of-completion method for

reporting long-term contract revenues. The percentage of completion is based on the

cost of materials shipped to the project site as a percentage of total expected material

costs. Cambridge's major debt agreement includes restrictions on net worth, interest

coverage, and minimum working capital requirements. A leading analyst claims that

"the company is buying its way out of these covenants by spending cash and buying

materials, even when they are not needed." Explain how this may be possible.

7. Can Cambridge improve its Z score by behaving as the analyst claims in Question 6?

Is this change consistent with economic reality?

8. A banker argues: "I avoid lending to companies with negative cash from operations

because they are too risky." Is this a sensible lending policy?

9. A leading retailer finds itself in a financial bind. It doesn't have sufficient cash flow

from operations to finance its growth, and is close to violating the maximum debt-toassets

ratio allowed by its covenants. The Vice-President for Marketing suggests:

"We can raise cash for our growth by selling the existing stores and leasing them

back. This source of financing is cheap, since it avoids violating either the debt-toassets

or interest coverage ratios in our covenants." Do you agree with his analysis?

Why or why not? As the firm's banker, how would you view this arrangement?