1. What is a shell script in Unix-like operating systems?
 a) A type of virus
 b) A script that automates tasks using shell commands
 c) A graphical user interface
 d) A type of hardware device

2. Which memory allocation technique suffers from external fragmentation?
 a) Paging
 b) Segmentation
 c) Contiguous allocation
 d) Fixed-size partitioning

3. What is a context switch in an operating system?
 a) A user switching between different applications
 b) The process of changing from one process to another
 c) A switch to turn off the computer
 d) A network switch

4. What is a shell prompt?
 a) A graphical user interface element
 b) A type of virus
 c) A command-line interface that waits for user input
 d) A type of file system

5. What is the role of the 'swapping' process in an operating system?
 a) To exchange data between two processes
 b) To move a process from RAM to disk and vice versa
 c) To swap hardware components
 d) To encrypt and decrypt data

6. Which command is used to remove a directory in Unix-like systems?
 a) rm
 b) rmdir
 c) delete
 d) remove

7. Which scheduling algorithm aims to minimize the average waiting time for processes?
 a) Round Robin
 b) First-Come, First-Served (FCFS)

 c) Shortest Job Next (SJN)
 d) Shortest Remaining Time First (SRTF)

8. What is the purpose of the 'grep' command with the '-c' option in Unix-like systems?
 a) To count the number of lines in a file
 b) To create a new file
 c) To change file permissions
 d) To search for a pattern and display the count of occurrences

9. What is the purpose of the 'ps' command in Unix-like systems?
 a) To display the contents of a file
 b) To create a new process
 c) To list currently running processes
 d) To print system hardware information

10. What is the role of the 'shell' in an operating system?
 a) It protects the computer from malware
 b) It provides a user interface for interacting with the operating system
 c) It manages the computer's power settings
 d) It controls the computer's hardware