1) What is the "Convict Code"?

2) According to the chapter reading this week, has physical violence by incarcerated inmates increased or decreased as compared to earlier years?

3) If a killing occurs inside of a correctional facility, what does the killing involve? In other words, who is killing who most often?

4) When and where did the deadliest prison riot in American history occur? How many CO's (correctional officers) were killed? How many inmates were killed?

4) According to the chapter reading and empirical research, do men or women experience imprisonment more negatively?

5) Briefly explain the groundbreaking, 2018 "First Step Act"

.

6) Who was the first female correctional officer to work in a high-security institution? Where did this occur?

7) According to the chapter, which state has the highest approximate mean average wage paid to CO's employed by the BOP (Bureau of Prisons) in 2018? Which state had the lowest wage?

8) would yo u consider working in a correctional facility? Why or why not?

9) According to the Chapter, what is habeas corpus? Why would an inmate file a petition of habeas corpus?

photos from chapter for reference:

3153 PM Sun Nov 19 "3' 92% - Week Nine Assignme The American Court SU X New Tab 0' a prod.readerui.prod.mheducation.com Q; a] - . - E 9 A8 6 4. Reverse the verdict or decision of the lower court and remand the case to the court of original jurisdiction, for either retrial or resentencing. [3 In some cases, the Supreme Court has ordered trial courts to resentence defendants whose original sentences violated the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. In other cases, prison authorities have been ordered to remedy unconstitutional conditions of imprisonment. Appeals to the Supreme Court are heard at the discretion of the Court, in contrast to appeals to the US. circuit courts, which review cases as a matter of right. In 2017 for example, the Supreme Court heard only 69 of the 6,315 cases led for review and disposed of 63 of the cases, 59 with signed opinions.15 In other words, in 2017, the Court opted not to review 99% of the appealed casesa gure typical of Court practice. Generally, the Supreme Court's refusal to hear a case ends the process of direct appeal. In certain circumstances, an imprisoned defendant whose appeal has been denied may still try to have the Supreme Court review his or her case on constitutional grounds by ling a writ of habeas corpus. A writ of habeas mpgwhich is guaranteed by Article I, Section 9, of the Constitution, the Federal Habeas Corpus Act, and state habeas corpus lawsis a court order directing a law ofcer to produce a prisoner in court to determine if the prisoner is being legally detained or imprisoned. The habeas corpus proceeding does not test whether the prisoner is guilty or innocent. Page 307 The Supreme Court also has original jurisdiction. However, Article III, Section 2.2, of the Constitution limits the Court's original jurisdiction to two types of cases: (1) cases involving representatives of foreign governments and (2) certain cases in which a state is a party. Many cases have involved two states and the federal government. When Maryland and Virginia argued over oyster shing rights and when a dispute broke out between California and Arizona over the control of water from the Colorado River, the Supreme Court had original jurisdiction in the matters. Original jurisdiction cases are a very small part of the Court's yearly workload. Most of the cases the Court decides fall under its appellate jurisdiction. ReadAnywhere 3:50 PM Sun Nov 19 . . . 93% Week Nine Assignment ( X Police Functions X New Tab X a prod.reader-ui.prod.mheducation.com . . . Aa drug trafficking offenders. In July 2014, the Commission voted, again unanimously, to make the sentencing reduction retroactive. Congress did not act to modify or disapprove the change, so the policy became effective on November 1, 2014.70 In April 2016, the U.S. Sentencing Commission reported that 26,000 federal drug offenders (or about 70%) who sought a sentence reduction had received shorter prison sentences because of the 2014 sentencing guideline changes. Federal drug sentencing reform efforts received an added boost in December 2018, when President Trump signed into law "The First Step Act." The law includes provisions that will reduce the sentence length of most federal drug law violators. The law gives eligible federal prisoners time credits for successfully completing evidence-based recidivism reduction programming or productive activities. The law stipulates that a prisoner "shall earn 10 days of time credits for every 30 days of successful participation" in the programming or activities. In addition, a prisoner can earn another 5 days of time credits for his or participation in the programming or activities if he or she is "determined by the Bureau of Prisons to be at a minimum or low risk for recidivating, [and] who, over two consecutive assessments, has not increased his or her risk of recidivism."72 What The First Step Act does not do is provide full retroactivity to the Fair Sentencing Act. Third, as noted previously, critics point out that the war on drugs and the huge amount of money involved in the drug trade have corrupted many law enforcement personnel, who have been found guilty of drug dealing, providing protection for drug dealers, conspiracy, extortion, bribery, robbery, theft, and murder. Unfortunately, examples abound. A New York Times report disclosed that each year more than 100 law enforcement officers are prosecuted in state and federal courts on drug corruption charges. Fourth, critics maintain that the war on drugs is hugely expensive, diverts resources from arguably more important projects, and has had little lasting effect on illegal drug use. Since 1980, the United States has spent hundreds of billions of dollars on federal, state, and local antidrug efforts-more than is spent on medical research into cancer, heart disease, or AIDS, to name just three worthwhile projects. Furthermore, despite the huge amount of money and effort spent on the drug war, the prices of many illegal drugs have not increased and in many cases have fallen and the nurity of illegal drugs and their X ReadAnywhere ot decreased but in many cases have increased. If the drug war is successfully reducing supply or dema McGraw-Hill prices to increase, and the purity and availability of illegal drugs to decline. Download8:28 PM Sat Nov 18 . . . 36% 4 B McGraw-Hill Connect X aand Class Introduction to Crir X Living in Prison X -> a prod.reader-ui.prod.mheducation.com 3 . . . Aa Most experts agree that prison staff violence against inmates is less common today. However, the number of inmates assaulted and killed by prison staff in the last few years is unknown. FYI Attica Prison Riot The deadliest prison riot in the nation's history occurred at the Attica Correctional Facility in upstate New York in September 1971. The uprising began when inmates took over one of the prison yards and held 49 guards hostage, demanding better living conditions within the facility. It ended 4 days later after state troopers, under orders from Governor Nelson Rockefeller, raided the prison, sparking violence that left 11 guards and 32 prisoners dead and more than 80 others wounded. On February 15, 2000, a U.S. District Court judge approved a settlement under which New York State, without admitting wrongdoing or liability, would pay $8 million to 1,280 inmates who were abused by law enforcement officials during the riot. The agreement concluded a long-stalled $2.8 billion class action lawsuit originally filed against prison and state officials in 1974. Source: "$8 Million Award Ends Attica Prison Suit," in Facts on File: World News Digest with Index, no. 3097 (April 13, 2000), 248. Commonly cited reasons for high rates of prison violence include improper management and classification practices by staff, high levels of crowding and competition over resources, the young age of most inmates in many prisons, and increases in racial tensions and prison gang activity. Although gang and racial conflicts surely play a role, it seems unlikely that the bulk of prison violence is extensively planned or gang orchestrated. One reason is that many prisons across the United States lack well-developed gang structures and serious gang problems, but they still are plagued by violence. Furthermore, what we know about violent crime in general cunnests that much prison violence is probably chontanenus motivated hu particular me common perpetrator motives for physical violence in prison are ( 1) to demonstrate power and X ReadAnywhere McGraw-Hill others; (2) to retaliate against a perceived wrong, such as the failure of another inmate to pay a gambling Download3147 PM Sun Nov '19 Week Nine Assignme Living in Prison X New Tab C' a prod.readerui.prod.mheducation.com Q; [1] - . - E Q Aa .v-...-..v.... ....,...-v.....-... ....'.v--- W. V...... v- V..-) ..J .. ............... relationships with their children affect their physical and emotional well being. How could the stress of a prison mother's parent/Child relationship be reduced? 6x Sean Cayton/The Image Works Those observations should not be taken to mean that female inmates generally do easier time than male inmates. Indeed, it has been suggested that women experience imprisonment more negatively than men.36 A major reason for this is separation from friends and family. 37 Female inmates are more likely than male inmates to have children and to have been living with those children immediately before incarceration. In recent years, for example, about 60% to 65% of female state prisoners had children under 18 years old, and about the same percentage of those women lived with their children before incarceration.3'8 Procedures for determining the custodial relationship between a female inmate and her child vary widely. In some cases, very young children of incarcerated women may live with their mothers in prison for a temporary period. In other cases, maternal custody might be terminated. The procedure depends on the jurisdiction and the particular circumstances. A common arrangement is for children to reside with their fathers, grandparents, or other relatives or friends during the period of incarceration. Visitation is often irregular or nonexistent, and the amount of visitation is dictated by institutional rules and the geographic distance between children and their mothers.39 Page 460 Another issue unique to women's prisons is pregnant inmates. In a rst-of-its kind study of pregnancy in prisons, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine researchers surveyed for 12 months during 20162017, a diverse sample of female inmates in 22 state systems and all federal prisons. The prisons in the survey housed 57% of imprisoned women in the ReadAnywhere 3153 PM Sun Nov 19 "3' 92% - Week Nine Assignme The American Court SU X New Tab 0' a prod.readerui.prod.mheducation.com Q; a] - . - E 9 A8 6 4. Reverse the verdict or decision of the lower court and remand the case to the court of original jurisdiction, for either retrial or resentencing. [3 In some cases, the Supreme Court has ordered trial courts to resentence defendants whose original sentences violated the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. In other cases, prison authorities have been ordered to remedy unconstitutional conditions of imprisonment. Appeals to the Supreme Court are heard at the discretion of the Court, in contrast to appeals to the US. circuit courts, which review cases as a matter of right. In 2017 for example, the Supreme Court heard only 69 of the 6,315 cases led for review and disposed of 63 of the cases, 59 with signed opinions.15 In other words, in 2017, the Court opted not to review 99% of the appealed casesa gure typical of Court practice. Generally, the Supreme Court's refusal to hear a case ends the process of direct appeal. In certain circumstances, an imprisoned defendant whose appeal has been denied may still try to have the Supreme Court review his or her case on constitutional grounds by ling a writ of habeas corpus. A writ of habeas mpgwhich is guaranteed by Article I, Section 9, of the Constitution, the Federal Habeas Corpus Act, and state habeas corpus lawsis a court order directing a law ofcer to produce a prisoner in court to determine if the prisoner is being legally detained or imprisoned. The habeas corpus proceeding does not test whether the prisoner is guilty or innocent. Page 307 The Supreme Court also has original jurisdiction. However, Article III, Section 2.2, of the Constitution limits the Court's original jurisdiction to two types of cases: (1) cases involving representatives of foreign governments and (2) certain cases in which a state is a party. Many cases have involved two states and the federal government. When Maryland and Virginia argued over oyster shing rights and when a dispute broke out between California and Arizona over the control of water from the Colorado River, the Supreme Court had original jurisdiction in the matters. Original jurisdiction cases are a very small part of the Court's yearly workload. Most of the cases the Court decides fall under its appellate jurisdiction. ReadAnywhere 8:27 PM Sat Nov'18 '5'360/0 1% 1:3 McGrawHill Connec 3:; Class Introduction to g Living in Prison X G aprod.readerui.prod.mheducation.com Q; [1] ... Q Aa 4. The rise and fall of rehabilitation. 5. The increased politicalization of inmates. 6a The order and stability provided by the old inmate subculture have been replaced by an atmosphere of conict and tension in which inmates align themselves into competing gangs (such as the Aryan Brotherhood, the Mexican Maa, and the Black Guerrilla Family) and other inmate organizations (such as the Lifer's Club and the Muslims).6 Violence and Victimization Experts generally agree that there is more physical violence by inmates in today's state prisons than there was in earlier periods. Although data are elusive, it is safe to say that, in recent years, inmates have assaulted thousands of other inmates and prison staff. In the case of lethal assaults, from 2001 through 2014, inmates killed approximately 1,000 other inmates and prison staff in state and federal prisons, or about 70 per year: 845 in state prisons or about 60 per year, and 130 in federal prisons, or about 9 per year.7 Most of the killings involved inmates killing other inmates (inmates killing prison staff is addressed below). As the prison population was decreasing (see Figure 10.1), the number of inmates killing other inmates was increasing. From 2010 through 2014, inmates killed an average of nearly 80 other inmates in state and federal prisons (up from an average of 70 from 2001 through 2014): 70 in 2010, 70 in 2011, 85 in 2012, 90 in 2013, and 83 in 2014.8 A preliminary count shows an additional 70 inmate-on-inmate killings in state prisons in 2015 (an increase from the average of 60 from 2001 through 2014).9 From 2001 through 2014, California led the nation with 191 inmate-oninmate killings, followed by Florida with 76, Texas with 56, Georgia with 53, and Oklahoma with 43.10 Page 454 ReadAnywhere