1. What is the primary aim of many quantitative nursing studies?

a. Determining the possible presence of a cause-and-effectrelationship of a nursing intervention on a patient's condition

b. Demonstrating proof that a counterfactual situation probably exists when physical care is provided by nursing engaging in evidence based-care

c. Designing a study that helps support the existence of a third-party variable on cause-and- effect relationship of nursing care and patient prognosis

d. Minimizing the effect of independent variable manipulation to facilitate causality between a nursing intervention and a patient's health status

2. What term is used to identify the effect on an independent variable?

a. Empirical relationship

b. Biologic plausibility

c. Confounding variable

d. Dependent variable

3. The effect of a new treatment plan on breast cancer is an example of which type of quantitative research design?

a. Crossover

b. Descriptive

c. Experimental

d. Retrospective

4. What does descriptive research attempt to summarize?

a. The frequency of a specific event

b. The effect of a random event

c. Relationship among variables

d. The status of phenomena

5. What is the process of selecting a portion of a population for the purpose of data collection called?

a. Sampling

b. Targeting

c. Stratifying

d. Clustering

6. What is the most usual element of a nursing research sample?

a. An intervention associated with nursing care

b. A patient receiving nursing care

c. The evaluation of nursing care

d. A nursing-related outcome

7. What characteristic is basic to determining who will eventually participate in a research study?

a. Being a member of the identified target population

b. Ability of researcher to avoid sampling bias

c. Meeting the eligibility criteria

d. Demonstrating accessibility

8. What exists when information is gathered from a sampling that demonstrates an underrepresentation of some segment of the target population?

a. Bias sampling

b. Quota sampling

c. Snowball sampling

d. Convenience sampling

9. What type of sampling uses a case list from which every fifth case is selected for inclusion in the study?

a. Systematic

b. Consecutive

c. Simple random

d. Multistage random

10. What term is used to identify a tool used to conduct formal data collection that provides constraints on both those collecting and those providing the information?

a. Interview schedule

b. Questionnaire

c. Instrument

d. Checklist

11. Narrative responses are appropriate for which type of questions?

a. Dichotomous

b. Rank-order

c. Open-ended

d. Rating

12. Which type of closed-ended questioning format is used to measure pain?

a. Multiple choice

b. Forced choice

c. Visual analog

d. Rank order

13. Which evaluation scale provides responses that range from strongly agree to strongly disagree?

a. Likert

b. Checklist

c. Event sampling

d. Semantic differential

14. What tool is central to the information gathering process required of phenomenological- based research?

a. In-depth interviews

b. Review of case studies

c. Interpretation of cultures

d. Participant needs surveys

15. Which form of sociolinguistic inquiry seeks to understand the rules, mechanisms, and structure of conversations and texts?

a. Symbolic interaction

b. Discourse analysis

c. Historical research

d. Semiotics

16. Which Qualitative research design is done to explore How do residents experience learning in the context of the learning culture in the clinic rotation?

a. Ethnography

b. Phenomenology

c. Grounded Theory

d. Interpretive Description

17. What type of research focuses on the effects of gender domination and discrimination on women?

a. Feminist

b. Participatory action

c. Basic social process

d. Interpretive phenomenological

18. Which term is used to identify an intensive investigation conducted over an extended period of time that focuses on a single entity?

a. Case study

b. Narrative analysis

c. Pentadic dramatism

d. Descriptive qualitative study

19. Which sampling strategy used for comparative sampling deliberately reduces the variation within the sample?

a. Typical case

b. Homogeneous

c. Reputational case

d. Stratified purposeful

20. Which qualitative sampling strategy adds new cases based on changes in research circumstances?

a. Revelatory

b. Theoretical

c. Confirming

d. Opportunistic

21. Which term is used to identify the principle associated with the practice of sampling to the point at which no new information is obtained?

a. Critical case sampling

b. Thick description

c. Criteria sampling

d. Data saturation

22. Which term is used to identify whether findings can be applied to different groups?

a. Sequentially

b. Comparative

c. Transferability

d. Purposefulness

23. How many samples are typically used in grounded theory studies?

a. 11-20

b. 21-30

c. 31-40

d. 41-50

24. Which accepted criteria for evaluating trustworthiness focuses on the degree to which the findings of the research study could be confirmed by other researchers?

a. Integrity

b. Credibility

c. Dependability

d. Confirmability

25. Which term is used to identify the practice of using several sources to confirm a conclusion?

a. Audit

b. Analysis

c. Triangulation

d. Transferability

26. What is the purpose of a Member Check?

a. To collect data on the same phenomenon at several different times

b. To conduct a formal review of data and supporting documentation by a reviewer with no ties to the study

c. To systematically search for data that will challenge a developing conclusion

d. Is a qualitative technique used to establish the tenet of credibility in trustworthiness.

27. Which of the following is not a form of measurement validity?

a. Face

b. Concurrent

c. Conductive

d. Convergent

28. Which of the following is referred to the level of consistency of an instrument?

a. Validity

b. Stability

c. Reliability

d. Homogeneity

29. Which type of validity that you assess when you invite experts from the field to assess the research instrument for simplicity, relevance, and clarity?

a. Content

b. Reliability

c. Criterion

d. Theory Evidence

30. "External Validity" refers to:

a. Whether or not there is really a causal relationship between two variables

b. Whether or not the findings are relevant to the participants' everyday lives

c. The degree to which the researcher feels that this was a worthwhile project

d. How well the outcome of a study can be expected to apply to other settings.