1. You are given a rectangular block of glass and are asked to identify the type of glass from which it is made. Describe a simple experiment involving refraction that could be used to identify the type of glass. 2. Water waves travel from a region of known depth to a region of unknown depth at an oblique angle. What two observations can be made from the surface waves to indicate whether the unknown region is deeper or shallower than the known region? Describe these in detail. 3. A straight water wave travels toward a straight barrier and strikes it head-on. What observation indicates that the speed of the wave does not change when it is reflected? Explain using the terms wavelength, frequency, and speed. 4. Signals from AM stations (frequency range of 550-1650 kHz) can often be heard very easily behind large hills, while those from FM stations (frequency range of 88-108 MHz) cannot. Explain this observation. 5. Waves of wavelength [ pass through an opening of width w. What relationship between [ and w is needed in order to observe a diffraction pattern? 6. A new radio station wishes to place two transmission towers near each other in a central location between several urban areas. These two towers will act as a two-point source. If the majority of the population lies on an axis running east-west, what orientation should the two towers have in order to maximize the signal reaching the majority of the population? 7. As you drive down the highway, you are listening to a local radio station that uses two transmission towers placed close together as its source. You notice that the radio signal fades in and out repeatedly as you drive along a path that is parallel to the line joining the towers. Explain why this occurs. 8. A two-point source interference pattern is created in a ripple tank using identical sources in phase. Describe the change in the observed interference pattern if each of the following changes was made individually: (a) the source separation was decreased (b) the wavelength of the sources was decreased (c) the amplitude of the sources was decreased 9. The wave theory of light is considered to be an excellent theory, as it satisfies fairly well the two principle functions of a theory. What are the two principle functions of a scientific theory or model? 10. Light can be shown to have the property of rectilinear propagation. How did Newton explain this phenomenon using his particle theory? 11. Young's experiment was instrumental in supporting Huygens' wave theory of light. Explain which two conditions Young satisfied in his experiment that were not adequately done before. Describe how he achieved these two conditions. 12. Polarization of light can be achieved in four ways. Name the ways. 13. What thickness of soap film would ensure that all the transmitted light interferes constructively? Explain. 14. Describe a simple experiment to determine if light emitted by a laser is polarized. 15. White paper left in sunlight fades after a short time, but white paper illuminated by a yellow incandescent bulb does not. Explain. 16. A water wave in a ripple tank travels from a shallow to a deep region. The wavelength and speed in the shallow region are 2.5 cm and 5.0 cm/s, respectively. If the wavelength in the deep region is 6.0 cm, find (a) the relative index of refraction from shallow to deep water (b) the speed of the wave in the deep water 17. A two-point source interference pattern is generated in a swimming pool. A piece of styrofoam, located on the second nodal line, is 12.0 m from one source and 20.0 m from the other source. One wave crest takes 2.0 s to travel the 35.0 m width of the pool. Find the speed, wavelength, and frequency of the waves. 18. A consumer wishes to test the high-end frequency response of brand new speakers as there seems to be very little treble. To do this, a pure signal using a signal generator is fed into the two speakers, and the frequency is raised to the highest output that is still audible. Using a microphone and the interference pattern generated, a point is found to be located on the sixth nodal line, a distance of 2.000 m from one speaker and 2.315 m away from the other. The speed of sound in the room is 342.8 m/s. The speakers are rated at 25 Hz-18 KHz. Should the speakers be returned to the store