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10 1 pts We observe an association between variables X and Y: data points with higher values of X have also higher values of Y.
10 1 pts We observe an association between variables X and Y: data points with higher values of X have also higher values of Y. A causal story comes to our mind, in which X causes Y. Then upon reflection we think of a third variable Z that we know for sure causes both X and Y. All causations we consider in the study are probabilistic causation. Which is true: We can study Y by only taking into account Z, because X is jut a product of Z and knowing Z suffices for studying Y It can still be the case that X partially causes Y, No answer text provided. O Existence of Z indicates that between X and Y there must be bi-directional causality, unlike the uni- directional link initially hypothesized
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