12.

For each of the following, specify whether the foreign direct investment is horizontal or

vertical; in addition, describe whether that investment represents an FDI inflow or

outflow from the countries that are mentioned.

a)

Vodafone (a U.K.

-

based company) pl

ans to improve its network and services in

Romania after the results in this market lagged behind other countries.

b)

General Electric (an American company) buys Alstom (another American

company) energy

c)

Exxon (an American company) plans the construc

tion of new delayed coker unit

in Belgium.

d)

PetroChina (a Chinese company) plans to invest in global oil and natural gas

assets in a venture in We