13 Which of the following is an example of basic research? A clinical psychologist examines the effectiveness of drama therapy in helping children who have been abused An educational psychologist examines links between mindset and academic performance to improve student outcomes in low-income schools An industrial-organizational psychologist is interested in how job commitment helps people to be more successful A cognitive psychologist examines people's ability to perceive a "sweet" taste 2 points Placing first, second, and third in swimming in the Olympics is an example of which scale of measurement? Nominal Ratio Interval Ordinal 14 2 points A participant wants to be viewed more favorably by a researcher, so they over-report engaging in helping behaviors (eg. volunteering). This is an example of Demand characteristics Socially desireable responding An operational definiton Confirmation bias Melissa is wondering how people respond to bad news. Therefore, she designs a study in which participants complete a toxin risk assessment. After they complete the assessment, they are either given good news (their toxin risk exposure is low) or bad news (their toxin risk exposure is high). It was not until after the study concluded that Melissa tells the participants that the assessment did not actually assess toxin risk exposure and was only created to induce worry. Withholding this information until the end o the study is an example of Justice Informed consent Coercion Deception 16 2 points Which of the following is NOT an operational definition for "hunger"? Number of times someone's stomach makes an audible rumble in 2 hours. Using an fMRI to see how much activity there is in the brain area associated with hunger. A general feeling of emptiness in one's stomach Self-reporting how hungry you are on a scale from 1 (not at all) to 7 (extremely). 17 2 points Dr. Howell is interested in the effect of interacting with animals on people's mood. She hypothesizes that dogs make people happier than cats do. She brings participants to the lab and randomly assigns half of them to interact with a dog for 10 minuteshind half to interact with a cat for 10 minutes. As hypothesized, Dr. Howell finds that participants who interacted with the dog became happier than those who interacted with the cat (1) is the independent variable in this study and (2) is the dependent variable in this study. (1) The type of animal participants interacted with; (2) The amount of time participants interacted with the animal. (1) The type of animal participants interacted with: (2) Mood of the participant (1) The amount of time participants interacted with the animal; (2) Mood of the participant (1) Mood of the participant: (2) The type of animal participants interacted with 18 2 points Before using the Positivity Scale to collecting data for her study, Rihanna first collects data with the scale from a small group of people. She looks at how each person responds to the questions. She sees that participants who agree with Question 1 also agree with Question 2 and disagree with Question 3. This is a test of which of the following? Test-retest reliability Construct reliability Internal reliability Inter-rater reliability RCEL 19 2 points Before using the measure in her study, Rihanna gives the measure to a group of students on Friday. She gives the measure to them again on the following Monday. She then correlates the scores between the two days. This is a test of which of the following? Construct reliability Test-retest reliability Internal reliability Inter-rater reliability 20 2 points What is the difference between a ratio scale of measurement and an interval scale of measurement? Aratio scale of measurement cannot be used to compare people's scores, but interval scales can (eg. Phillip is twice as fast). An interval scale has equal intervals, but a ratio scale does not. Aratio scale of measurement has a zero value that actually means "nothing" or "the absence of something" but an interval scale does not. An interval scale of measurement is used for categorical measurements, but a ratio scale is used for quantitative measurements