18. Why is measuring market risk for investment banks and securities firms difficult? What are the incentives for investment banks to understate the level of market risks they assume when reporting to regulators and shareholders? 19.Why did VAR models which showed that Investment Banks were adequately hedged, fail to perform as expected from 2007 through 2009? 20. For banks which lack sophisticated data and analytical capability utilize MPT concepts to manage credit risk at the portfolio level