1.A different research believes her colleague has it all wrong, it's not that attitudes about police "cause" attitudes about the black community, it's the other way around - feelings about the black community lead to attitudes about the police. She also believes that because of social desirability bias, respondents might not be willing to express very negative attitudes about African Americans directly on a survey, so she decides to try a different tactic.She uses a measure of "racial resentment" - in this case, a measure that reads "Today discrimination against whites has become as big a problem as discrimination against African Americans". Respondents can strongly disagree (meaning they have low racial resentment), disagree, agree, or strongly disagree (meaning they have high racial resentment). Because this question a) asks about whites and b) makes a claim for which there is no empirical evidence, it is a good measure of respondent's racial attitudes. Her dependent variable is another feeling thermometer - attitudes about police. It is structured the same as feelings about African Americans in question #2, except it asks respondents their feelings about police. She hypothesis that racial resentment and feelings about police will be positively correlated.[Note - this is real data from a high-quality study conducted in 2016 and 2017]

a.What is the null hypothesis here?

b.Is there support for research hypothesis? (Hint: Describe and Interpret the ANOVA results below, include the descriptives).

c.Evaluate the null hypothesis.

d.Given the results of question 2 and 3, do you think there is evidence that attitudes about police and attitudes about the black community may be correlated? Why or why not? (Hint: think about the criteria for causality we have discussed).

Descriptives Feeling thermometer - Police officers 95% Confidence Interval for Mean N Meal Std, Deviation S1d, Error Lower Bound Upper Bound Minimum Maximum Strongly Agree 1508 36.58 19.656 490 85.62 37.5 Agree 2173 84.65 18.484 .397 83.8 85.43 100 Disagree 1385 17.D0 21 817 586 75.85 78.15 100 Strongly Disagree 1981 64.07 25.854 .581 62.93 65.21 100 Total 7147 77.90 23.498 .278 77.36 78.44 100 ANOVA Feeling thermometer - Police officers Sum of Squares Mean Square Sig Between Groups 600372.803 3 200124.268 427.325 000 Within Groups 3345196.667 7143 468.318 Total 3945569.470 7146 Post Hoc Tests Multiple Comparisons Dependent Variable: Feeling thermometer - Police officers Bonterroni (D) Agree/Disagree - (J) Agree/Disagree - Today discrimination Today discrimination 95% Confidence Interval against whites has against whites has Difference (1- become as big a problem become as big a problem Std. Error Sig Lower Bound Upper Bound Strongly Agree Agree 1.931 712 040 05 3,81 Disagree 9.583 793 ODO 7.49 11.68 Strongly Disagree 22.514' 726 .0DO 20,60 24.43 Agree Strongly Agree -1.931 712 040 -3.81 -.05 Disagree 7.652 .744 .0DO 5.69 9.62 Strongly Disagree 20.583 672 0DO 18.81 22.36 Disagree Strongly Agree -9.583 .793 0DO -11.68 -7.49 Agree -7.652 744 -9.62 5.69 Strongly Disagree 12.931 .758 0DO 10.93 14.93 Strongly Disagree Strongly Agree 22.514 726 .0DO -24.43 20.60 Agree -20.583 672 .0DO -22.36 -18.81 Disagree -12.931 .758 0DO -14.93 -10.93 *. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level