1.For each of the following three descriptions, i. Determine the dependent and independent variables. ii. Determine which independent variable is nested within the other.

(a) Education researchers recorded the individual students' standardized reading scores for five classrooms selected from four different schools in a district. They are interested in the effects of schools and of classrooms on these scores.

(b) A hospital is investigating basic supply expenditures. Three nurses are selected from each of four different floors and surveyed about supply usage once a month for a year. Nurses work only on a single floor. It is of interest to know the effect of the individual and also of the floor on average supply usage.

(c) Public health researchers are interested in rating residents on a "health index" scored on a scale from 1 to 100. Three states participated in their study, with three cities selected from each state. Researchers recorded the health index value for five households in each city, and are interested in the effect of the state and the city on these values.