1.What are the two basic forms of jurisdictions court must have in order to hear a case?Please identify the requirements for each type ofjurisdiction.In addition, please identify the two methods a litigant can obtain federal courtjurisdiction.

2.In the case, plaintiff William Marbury sought the remedy of a write of mandamus, which is a court order requiring a government official to do something.Chief Justice Marshall decided that he needed to first determine if such remedy could be granted by the Court.He reviewed the only law on the books at that time that bestowed upon the Supreme Court the ability to grant a writ of mandamus, which was the Judiciary Act of 1789.He found that the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional because Article 3 of the Constitution did not confer such power upon the Supreme Court.Therefore he struck hat statute down as unconstitutional.In the absence of the power to grant the writ of mandamus, he denied Marbury his requested remedy.

This was the first official act of judicial review.

Please describe the landmark case ofMarbury v. Madison.How did that case result in the doctrine of judicial review in the United States?What is the definition of judicial review and can you provide a contemporary example?