2 Physical Science Activity...

Hi Tutors. Please answer this two science activity. I'm really having a hard time with it. I will leave a google drive in the comment section for you to access the 2 activity together with the instruction. Thank you so much.

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0 Let Us Study Modern day technology is a gift from our ancestors. Their historical foundations support and inspire ours today. We have been in constant connection with the nature which surrounds us. There had been things that we were unaware of. Hence, science paved the way for our understanding of these things around us. Lesson 1. Discovery of Radio Pulses This module would help us grasp the concept of electromagnetic waves. These waves are produced by magnetic and electric eld in a wavelike motion perpendicular to each other and to the direction of which it is being produced. Electromagnetic waves are classied according to their frequencies or wavelengths. Among these classications are radio waves which is the longest electromagnetic waves. How these radio waves were produced? Let us embark into the wonders of how German physicist Hiendrich Rudolf Hertz discovered this. Heinrich Hertz's research was focused on discovering if Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism was correct. The thought of proving Maxwell's theory started in 1879 when Hertz was just 22 years old. He was yet a student in Berlin. And in 1883, after having his rst lecturing job, he revisited Maxwell's theory and reworked on the theory mathematically. And in 1885, he moved to the University of Karlsruhe as a full professor of experimental physics which gave him the condence that it was high time to prove Maxwell's theory. In October of 1886, Hertz saw an electrical spark in a train of thought that would end up transforming the world. Hertz started with sparks emitted across a gap in a short metal loop attached to an induction coil. The same equipment powers a car's spark plugs where it transforms low voltage dc electricity coming from a car's battery into high voltage ac electricity. He soon built a similar apparatus (but without an induction coil) to act as detector. This electricity crosses a small air gap at regular intervals as a spark. When the induction coil connected to the rst loop (the transmitter) produced a high voltage discharge, a spark jumped across the gap, sending out a signal that Hertz detected as a weaker spart across the gap in the receiving apparatus, which he placed beside the induction. To determine the nature of the signals that he was able to transmit and receive, Hertz developed a number of innovative experiments (Heinrich Hertz, the Father of Frequency, 2021). Below is a diagram of an induction coil connected to a sparkgap. Secondary Spark Gap httpst/ /Www.famousscientists. org/images1/hertzc-side-spa_rkcircuit. png Figure 1. Hertz spark testing circuit. Inducing high voltage to the induction coil caused a spark discharge between the spark gaps. Hertz then relate this phenomenon to Maxwell's theory where changing electric elds or magnetic elds will produce EM waves, he thought that whenever a spark is produced EM waves will be transmitted. To check if this was true, he created a receiver made of looped copper wire whose ends were made of small knobs (30 cm in diameter) with small gaps in between (3m apart). He ran the experiment again and saw that a spark was produced at the receiver loop, which means that EM waves were transmitted. His experiment was the rst transmission and reception of radio waves (PS 2021). The speed of the EM wave was equivalent to the speed of light which served as a proof of Maxwell's theory. The frequency of a wave, which is the Lesson 2. Theory of Special Relativity Newtonian mechanics, also known as classical mechanics has concepts that do not entirely agree with all known theories in Physics like Maxwell's electromagnetic theory. But when Einstein presented his theory of special relativity, the conflict between these two great ideas was resolved. Below are the specific notions in conflict:number of cycles created in a unit of time, was named hertz, in honor of his name. o Newtonian or classical mechanics tells that the measures speed of light should depend on the motion of the observer. 0 Maxwell's electromagnetic theory tells that the value of the speed of light is constant. In 1905 Albert Einstein proposed the Theory of Special Relativity which is based on two postulates: (1) the law of Physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference moving with constant velocity relative to one another, and (2) the speed of light is the same in all inertial frames of reference. The rst (1) postulate supports the Newtonian mechanics which focused on the motion of objects of normal size around us including the force that causes these motion. While the second (2) postulate supported Maxwell's idea that the speed of light is constant. The Theory of Special Relativity pointed out that there are limitations in terms of application of the Newtonian Mechanics (Radio Wave Technology Facts, Worksheets 81, Etymology for Kids, 2021) Einstein noticed a logical aw in our notion of time and space (frames of reference) and light as electromagnetic waves. Consider this scenario: A stationary observer (a person who is not moving) who sees a passing photon as a self-propagating electric and magnetic wave. http: / /abyss.uoregon.edu/ ~js/image 5/ speed of lightgif Figure 2. A diagram of how a stationary observer views electromagnetic waves. Now consider an observer who is moving at the speed of light. Since the observer is moving at the same speed as the waves, there is no wave motion and the electric and magnetic elds cannot support themselves, i.e. the photon cannot exist. This phenomenon is reected in the diagram shown on the next page. http:/_/ abyss.uoregon.edu/~js/images/ speed of lightgif Figure 3. A diagram of how a fast moving observer views electromagnetic waves. Einstein concluded that the speed of light is an upper limit to motion, that observers must always move slower than the speed of light, only particles like photons (that do not have mass) can move at the speed of light. And this notion lays the foundation for special relativity which straightened the conicting notions of Newton and Maxwell