31. In the U.S. in the late 1800 s and carly 1900 s, non-par checking referred to . (ES, pp, 39 . 41; BL, p. 30; Kindle, 550556 ) A. the use by banks of clearinghouses to settle check payments B. the use by banks of the correspondent banking system to settle check payments C. the practice by banks of charging their customers a fee for each check written D. the practice by banks in remote areas of charging an exchange fee (i.e., paying less than face value) on checks presented for payment by mail rather than in person 32. According to critics of the late 1800 s check-clearing system, checks sometimes took a roundabout route from the payce's bank to the payer's bank because (ES. pp. 40-41). A. the U.S. transportation system was still undeveloped B. government regulations distorted check clearing C. the payer's bank was located in a remote area that was hard to reach D. the payee's bank was trying to avoid an exchange fee by arranging for the check to be presented in person to the payer's bank 33. During the first years following its founding in 1913, the Federal Reserve changed the nature of check clearing by doing which of the following? (ES, p. 41; BL, p. 30; Kindle, 550-556) (For BLJ, Ch. 3, Phase 1: Development of Clearing Houses) 1. Setting up a national system for clearing checks among member banks. 2. Putting all private clearinghouses out of business. 3. Reducing the extent of non-par banking. A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 2 D. 1 and 3